Le Chateliers Principle in Chemistry

Le Chatelier†²s Principle is the principle when a stress is applied to a chemical system at equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift to relieve the stress. In other words, it can be used to predict the direction of a chemical reaction in response to a change in conditions of temperature, concentration, volume, or pressure. While Le Chateliers principle can be used to predict the response to a change in equilibrium, it does not explain (at a molecular level), why the system responds as it does. Key Takeaways: Le Chatelier's Principle Le Chateliers principle is also known as Chateliers principle or the equilibrium law.The principle predicts the effect of changes on a system. It is most often encountered in chemistry, but also applies to economics and biology (homeostasis).Essentially, the principle states that a system at equilibrium that is subjected to a change responds to the change to partly counteract the change and establish a new equilibrium. Chateliers Principle or the Equilibrium Law The principle is named for Henry Louis Le Chatelier. Le Chatelier and Karl Ferdinand Braun independently proposed the principle, which is also known as Chateliers principle or the equilibrium law. The law may be stated: When a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change in temperature, volume, concentration, or pressure, the system readjusts to partially counter the effect of the change, resulting in a new equilibrium. While chemical equations are typically written with reactants on the left, an arrow pointing from left to right, and products on the right, the reality is that a chemical reaction is at equilibrium. In other words, a reaction may proceed in both the forward and backward direction or be reversible. At equilibrium, both the forward and back reactions occur. One may proceed much more quickly than the other. In addition to chemistry, the principle also applies, in slightly different forms, to the fields of pharmacology and economics. How to Use Le Chateliers Principle in Chemistry Concentration: An increase in the amount of reactants (their concentration) will shift the equilibrium to produce more products (product-favored). Increasing the number of products will shift the reaction to make more reactants (reactant-favored). Decreasing reactants favors reactants. Decreasing product favors products. Temperature: Temperature may be added to a system either externally or as a result of the chemical reaction. If a chemical reaction is exothermic (ΔH  is negative or heat is released), heat is considered a product of the reaction. If the reaction is endothermic (ΔH  is positive or heat is absorbed), heat is considered a reactant. So, increasing or decreasing temperature can be considered the same as increasing or decreasing the concentration of reactants or products. In the temperature is increased, the heat of the system increases, causing the equilibrium to shift to the left (reactants). If the temperature is decreased, the equilibrium shifts to the right (products). In other words, the system compensates for the reduction in temperature by favoring the reaction that generates heat. Pressure/Volume: Pressure and volume can change if one or more of the participants in a chemical reaction is a gas. Changing the partial pressure or volume of a gas acts the same as changing its concentration. If the volume of gas increases, pressure decreases (and vice versa). If the pressure or volume increase, the reaction shifts toward the side with lower pressure. If the pressure is increased or volume decreases, equilibrium shifts toward the higher pressure side of the equation. Note, however, that adding an inert gas (e.g., argon or neon) increases the overall pressure of the system, yet does not change the partial pressure of the reactants or products, so no equilibrium shift occurs. Sources Atkins, P.W. (1993). The Elements of Physical Chemistry (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.Evans, D.J.; Searles, D.J.; Mittag, E. (2001), Fluctuation theorem for Hamiltonian systems—Le Chateliers principle. Physical Review E, 63, 051105(4).Le Chatelier, H.; Boudouard O. (1898), Limits of Flammability of Gaseous Mixtures. Bulletin de la Socià ©tà © Chimique de France (Paris), v. 19, pp. 483–488.Mà ¼nster, A. (1970). Classical Thermodynamics (translated by E.S. Halberstadt). Wiley–Interscience. London. ISBN 0-471-62430-6.Samuelson, Paul A. (1947, Enlarged ed. 1983). Foundations of Economic Analysis. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-31301-1.

Ethical Issues with Termination Free Essays

At-will employment means that the employee or employer has the right â€Å"to end the employment relationship at any time with or without notice or cause. † (FedEx Office: AllBusiness, 1999-2009) Involuntary termination is a touchy subject for employers and it can happen for numerous reasons: specific cause, such as stealing, poor performance, and layoffs due to lack of work. Even though most companies have an â€Å"at-will† relationship with their employees, it is still arguably illegal to terminate an employee for no reason. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Issues with Termination or any similar topic only for you Order Now When it comes to termination, managers are faced with current moral and ethical issues. In a lot of companies, in addition to professional relationships, managers develop personal relationships with their employees. In most cases, employees spend a majority of their week (40+ hours) with their â€Å"work family. † Co-workers learn about each other’s families, extra-curricular activities, and personal problems. Even if managers try to separate themselves from their employees on a personal level, it is difficult to ignore new school pictures being displayed on their desks or avoid a discussion about a recent weekend vacation.When legitimate problems arise in a company which requires involuntary termination, the manager faces a dilemma. They must fire an employee because it is best for the company and ignore the thoughts of how it will affect their family and personal life. Often times, employees take the involuntary termination harder because they feel betrayed by someone they considered their â€Å"friend†. When an employee is terminated, in more cases than not, they feel blind-sided; most of them â€Å"never saw it coming†.It is essential that employers set and follow standard documentation procedures that will provide a timeline of disciplinary action and perform ance reviews that will serve as proof of legitimate termination if necessary. A disgruntled employee may question the validity of their termination and in some cases seek legal counsel to help them determine if there was just cause. The current social issues in the United States may make it more difficult for a manager to terminate an employee while at the same time it is more than necessary.The financial state of the country is  causing businesses to struggle which results in less profits; less profits mean that a company’s productions will be lowered so they cannot afford and do not need the same number of employees. In this case, an employee may not have given any cause for termination but managers must choose which employee they are willing to lose. They may choose the last hired, the highest paid, or the employee that is least valuable.Knowing that the rate of unemployment is at an all time high and the possibility of finding other employment may take longer than usual, the manager faces a tough a decision when thinking of how their decision wil l negatively each person they must terminate. Severance packages may be offered in exchange for â€Å"a full release of all claims† that may be filed against the company for wrongful termination. Tough economical times may cause disgruntled employees to take whatever measures necessary to generate income for their family. I have been a victim of wrongful termination.In 2002,  I started working as an assistant to the Office Manager  of a small financial company. There were only two other people above the Office Manager and that was a person in sales position and then the President of the company. I quickly caught on and was given more responsibilities as well as a pretty healthy increase in pay. Working in a small office allows for unconventional relationships between managers and employees; we shared the same interests, shared a similar sense of humor which resulted in a workplace friendship between all of us.Lunch trips and shopping breaks turned into personal Christmas party invitations and summer beach house vacations. We were all very close and business was increasing so more employees were hired to work under me. My supervisor and I became almost interchangeable. If she was not there, I took over and performed her duties, although she could not perform mine. I sensed animosity building and tension rising, but overall I knew I was there as her assistant and was careful to never overstep my boundaries.Business slowed and our sales structure changed, so cuts were being made. The sales person was let go and I think she felt that one of us would be next; even though she had been there longer I know she felt threatened that I could perform her job as well as mine. She started targeting me; purposefully changing my changing after my school schedule had been approved, moving my desk unnecessarily, and creating an overall hostile work environment by addressing everyone in a room except for me. I knew what she was doing; being a part of the â€Å"inside upper management†, I had witnessed her do it to others before. Her strategy was to make employees quit in order to avoid the expense of paying unemployment wages. One week, she called me into an office to discuss my work performance and stated that she was giving me a warning. I knew that she was now trying to create a paper trail of disciplinary problems, even though nothing had changed in my performance.The following week she requested another meeting and said that she was writing me up for personal internet usage. Previously, it was acceptable for us to check our personal email, and she and I would collectively read news and gossip and exchange stories across the room. I refused to sign the disciplinary notice because I had not been informed of any policy changes, so that was then considered insubordination. I was asked to leave; I immediately went to the Department of Labor to file for unemployment due to wrongful termination.I explained to them that my termination was not legitimate. I waited for them to contact my employer and of course they provided a copy of the form that I refused to sign. The Department of Labor declined my request for unemployment compensation, so I appealed their decision and wrote a very long letter explaining everything I knew about how my supervisor â€Å"set up† previous employees to keep them from receiving unemployment. I also requested a phone interview in which both I and my supervisor would be present with a Department of Labor representative.My supervisor declined the request; I assume because she knew she was wrong and did not want to be faced with questions regarding what I wrote. Nine months later, I was contacted by the President of the company stating that they had tried to hire several people to take my place and he realized that he shoul d have never allowed her to terminate me. He offered me a large salary increase and a promise that my employment status will never be in her hands. She still works with me, and we are â€Å"friends† again, but I have definitely learned to keep office friendships to a minimum.Today we are able to laugh at the situation; deep down I think she respects me for standing up for myself and she knows that I am a great asset to the company. Termination is not something that anyone ever looks forward to, be it the employee or the employer. Unfortunately it has to be done, and employers must take steps to protect themselves from lawsuits and disgruntled employees. Employees must learn that although there may be a â€Å"relationship† with their manager, the manager must first look out for the business’s best interest and it may ot always include them as an employee.References Butler, B. (2009). Right-to-Work and At-Will Employee. Today’s Workplace: A Workplace Fairness Blog. Retrieved on December 7, 2009. Farr, . (2000,  November). Terminations Require Careful Study, Planning. Small Business, (), 15. FedEx Office: AllBusiness. (1999-2009). Decreasing the Legal Risks of Employee Termination. How to cite Ethical Issues with Termination, Papers

Video Game Addiction free essay sample

The world of video games have been around for years and are always evolving especially with the modern day technology. With the making of new systems and new games on different video game engines everyone wants the new generation of gaming. Even personal computers are one of the most used systems for gaming. Medical officials have slowly been investigating how big video games are becoming and how individuals playing these games are starting to show signs of serious addiction problems. The modern day video games can become very addicting that it can cause individuals to neglect their families, their health, and lose their jobs. In 2011 on a divorce online survey showed that 15 percent of the divorces were due to their spouses’ addiction to video games (Whatcott, 2011). The cause of divorce is the spouse whether it be male or female are not getting the attention they want from that individual. Instead the individual would rather play a virtual reality for hours until it is time to go to bed, then wake up and do it again. We will write a custom essay sample on Video Game Addiction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Video games have become more personal than they used to be back in the old Nintendo days. They have managed to make games more competitive which is a huge cause of video game addiction. Most research suggests that massively multiplayer online games like World of Warcraft and Call of Duty tend to be the two most addicting games (Conrad, 2012). The reason these two games have caused so much chaos is because of how competitive they have made it as well as the feeling of accomplishment that an individual could not get in reality. Spouses blame the makers of these two video games for wrecking their lives as well as the life of their loved ones. When individuals decide to start a game they set their mind for victory and have no idea what the outcome of their decision will bring upon them. Individuals get so caught up in trying to beat a game that is unbeatable such as World of Warcraft. Due to the mind set of these individuals they neglect their own health and burn hours of their lives away. These individuals

bally ground water essays

bally ground water essays The Bally ground water site is a municipal water supply well field in the borough of Bally in Berks county, near the Philadelphia metropolitan area. The Bally well field and the nearby springs to the northwest of the site are the public water sources for approximately 1,200 residents. The area near the site includes wetlands to the north and a manufacturing plant, Bally Engineered Structures, 1,000 feet to the south of municipal well number 3. Since the 1930s, degreasing solvents containing methylene chloride, TCA, Methanol, Toluene, and TCE have been used in manufacturing at this plant. In 1982, a state water quality check identified the plant as a source of VOC contamination in Ballys municipal wells. The ground water and surface water is contaminated with various VOC's, including tetrachlorethane, trichloroethane, and dichloroethene. Potential health risks exist through direct contact with or drinking of contaminated ground water or surface water. Currently contamination le vels in active public water supply wells do not pose any danger; however, private well contamination does pose a risk. Former lagoons lay underneath the plant and are also considered potential sources of aquifer contamination. From December 1982 to March 1987, the borough of Bally did not use the contaminated municipal well number three for water supply. The water was periodically pumped and discharged into a nearby pond to contain the contaminant plume. Pumping, however, had the effect of drawing VOCS deeper into the aquifer. The Well was completely shut down in March of 1987, due to results of additional ground water contamination studies indicated that 19 of 35 wells sampled, contained detectable levels of VOCS. Currently, VOC-contaminated ground water extends from the plant to the east and northeast. Contaminant movement has become more controlled since pumping and air stripping pilot ...

E.E. cummings essays

E.E. cummings essays E. E. Cummings, who was born in 1894 and died in 1962, wrote many poems with unconventional punctuation and capitalization, and unusual line, word, and even letter placements - namely, ideograms. Cummings' most difficult form of prose is probably the ideogram; it is extremely terse and it combines both visual and auditory elements. There may be sounds or characters on the page that cannot be verbalized or cannot convey the same message if pronounced and not read. Four of Cummings' poems - l(a, mortals), !blac, and swi( - illustrate the ideogram form quite well. Cummings utilizes unique syntax in these poems in order to convey messages visually as well as verbally. Although one may think of l(a as a poem of sadness and loneliness, Cummings probably did not intend that. This poem is about individuality - oneness (Kid 200-1). The theme of oneness can be derived from the numerous inezces and forms of the number '1' throughout the poem. First, 'l(a' contains both the number 1 and the singular indefinite article, 'a'; the second line contains the French singular definite article, 'le'; 'll' on the fifth line represents two ones; 'one' on the 7th line spells the number out; the 8th line, 'l', isolates the number; and 'iness', the last line, can mean "the state of being I" - that is, individuality - or "oneness", deriving the "one" from the lowercase roman numeral 'i' (200). Cummings could have simplified this poem drastically ("a leaf falls:/loneliness"), and still conveyed the same verbal message, but he has altered the normal syntax in order that each line should show a 'one' and highlight the theme of oneness. In fact, the whole poem is shaped like a '1' (200). The shape of the poem can also be seen as the path of a falling leaf; the poem drifts down, flipping and altering pairs of letters like a falling leaf gliding, back and forth, down to the ground...

Create a value chain for Ryanair. Examine the extent to which Ryanairs Essay

Create a value chain for Ryanair. Examine the extent to which Ryanairs value chain represents a traditional value chain, as opposed to a revised value chain, - Essay Example These core competencies help in the creation of value chain. Porter’s traditional value chain focuses on the enterprise and its internal mechanisms and is recognized as an effective management tool for value analysis. This paper will examine how this traditional value chain differs from the revised value chain created by Deise et al., and create a value chain for Ryanair based on its core competencies. According to Porter, ‘every firm is a collection of activities that are performed to design, produce, market, deliver and support its product. All these activities can be represented using a value chain’. The porter’s model of value chain (Table I) describes generic activities undertaken by the firm to procure, transform and add value to the products and services delivered to the customer. These activities can be primary or support activities where the primary activities are concerned with the transformation of the input into output as services or after sales service. Support activities include procurement, HRM, technology and infrastructure. A firm’s value chain reflects its history, strategy, the approach to implementing the strategy and the economics of the activities themselves. In this traditional value chain each activity is an independent process and each activity sequentially adds value to the final outcome. Creating a value chain is with the objective to create a process or product that will lead to profits. Thus value chain analysis studies each link of the chain to ensure that economic value is added to it. According to Porter, adding value is a strategic means to achieve profit and competitive advantage. Traditionally different business functions perceived and created value differently but with Porter’s model each activity can be analyzed individually or collectively to asses their contribution to the enterprise. An analysis helps to eliminate the inefficient processes and add value. Mascarenhas, Kesavan and

Restaurant Management Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Restaurant Management - Outline Example This outline follows the analysis, that is done before opening of any sort of business enterprise in today’s environment. Though one might surmise that a food and drink related business like a restaurant would be readily accepted by the local and visiting clientele of any area of London, tastes and traditions differ and one has to account for the different wishes and requirements of various social groups. For example, the pricing of the items must be kept such that the customers can afford a meal now and then, with continuing attractions like foreign cuisine and local celebrations being the focus of attention for the new and existing customers. The success of any business venture is based on the mix of new and old customers returning to the restaurant again and again. At the same time, cooking, presentation and quality standards must be ensured. Conducting a feasibility study for developing a new business requires analysis of present and likely future market conditions. The lo cation and look of the restaurant, proximity to public shopping areas, internal ambience and quality of meals and service were analyzed in this outline, as well as a variety of good ideas to keep the customers interested, that are mentines as key factors of success. In conclusion, the researcher excretes the main means to an end, such as local culture, traditional delicacies, kids corner, free parking and good locale and outdoor eating habits of Cheltenham residents, which he is confident will make this venture a resounding success.