Change Management Definition and Its Principles

Change Management Definition and Its Principles Presentation somehow all associations whether huge or little will in the long run experience some type of progress, regardless of whether it comes as changes to authoritative administration, changes to forms because of market impacts or just changes in the manner the organization tends to official correspondence, the reality remains that somehow change is inescapable and as such it is imperative to build up strategies for overseeing change to guarantee a smooth progress starting with one strategy for doing things then onto the next (Schraeder Jordan, 2011).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Change Management Definition and Its Principles explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More 3 Principles to Remember when Managing Change For this specific exercise I picked the accompanying standards of progress because of the manner by which they mirror my very own considerations on what is important to oversee change viably: To change the individual, change the fram ework People dread change it transpires. An obviously characterized vision of the final product empowers all the individuals to characterize the most effective way for achieving the outcomes For me these specific standards say a lot of what is required in overseeing change and as such I will endeavor give you the peruser a short outline of why I accept this are so and will attempt to persuade you regarding my preferred exactness. As a matter of first importance the guideline of changing the framework all together change the individual is gotten from my own conviction that somehow individuals will in general adjust their peculiarities to the manner in which a specific authoritative structure works. Despite the fact that it may not be quickly evident features, for example, work culture and interior organization rules and guidelines work in a way in which an individual sees what he ought to so and how he ought to do it. While such a factor is significant in making consistency and getti ng precisely what the organization requires out of a representative frequently such frameworks uphold a specific mentality on people bringing about them being maladaptive to abrupt changes in the manner they used to get things done. It depends on this that so as to change the manner by which a worker demonstrations, thinks and communicates thoughts it is essential to initially change the framework in which he/she works so as to achieve the ideal change required (Schraeder Jordan, 2011). Furthermore, the idea of individuals dreading change is notable mental idea that is profoundly inserted in the way that people are basically animals of propensity. Individuals incline toward doing things a specific way, they like having schedules and they appreciate an actual existence where they follow the basic rationale of in the event that they do this they get that (Van der Merwe, 2009). At the point when a specific mysterious change is brought into a people routine three potential things may ha ppen, it is possible that: They adjust to this new change They oppose to the change that is being incited They endeavor to adjust yet come up short at doing as such. For associations amidst change the last two reactions are the most upsetting since this may bring about a few gatherings of people either opposing the change or being not able to adjust appropriately, the two of which would antagonistically influence the company.Advertising Looking for exposition on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Going back to the main standard referenced, it is critical to observe the way that so as to forestall the dread of progress what is required is to step by step change the framework wherein an individual works up to the point that they can acknowledge the change as it occurs. The subsequent guideline praises the first in that it tends to the implied point that since individuals dread change it is regularly d ifficult to change the person. In this manner so as to change an individual it is important to step by step change the attitude they work with so as to encourage successful change with minimal unfavorable impacts (Van der Merwe, 2009). The last guideline picked is identified with the activity of having individuals realize what is required change and accordingly having them pick the heading where the change would be best executed. While this paper has so far demonstrated that individuals dread change, are frequently impervious to it and that so as to change an individual it is important to change the framework they work in what wasnt referenced was the way that individuals are regularly impervious to outside change yet when the change originates from inside, in that they see the need of progress, representatives frequently react decidedly towards change and really move in the direction of it. On account of the third guideline by a providing an unmistakably characterized vision of wha t is expected to change as opposed to driving the change, representatives really become increasingly amiable to the need of progress and become less safe, additionally reassuring and really contribute their own considerations and perspectives with respect to what different changes could be cultivated. Procedures to Manage Change There are 3 strategies that I might want to expound on that I accept are significant in overseeing change and are predictable with the standards I picked Changing Employee Mindsets One of the primary methods essential in overseeing change is to change the manner by which representatives consider the manner by which they work. As referenced in the conversation with respect to the first standard it is regularly the situation that representatives build up a specific outlook in regards to work which makes them far less well-suited to change when the need arises.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Change Management Definition and Its Principles e xplicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More It depends on this that what is required is gradually change interior organization arrangements and work environment culture in order to make it more amiable to the ideal change as opposed to execute it at the same time. This adjusts with the main rule of progress picked in which an individual is changed by means of an adjustment in the framework that they work. Executing a work environment culture of open correspondence In the subsequent standard picked it was explained that individuals will in general dread change, while this is genuine the reality remains that there are really technique for alleviating this. One of them is executing a work environment culture of open correspondence, by doing so not exclusively can representative feelings of dread be tended to and considering when actualizing change inside the association yet it tends to be utilized as manner by which to hose the unanticipated and unfavorable impacts the might happen should change be executed. Build up Goals/Purpose driven work In their investigation looking at worker execution it was found by Bishop (2011) that it is regularly the situation that representatives work better and adjust to change quicker if there is a given objective or rather their work is driven by a particular reason. Taking the third guideline picked into thought it very well may be expected that by making a characterized vision by which representatives can move in the direction of in addition to the fact that this would bring about a smooth progress during change however can really bring about improved worker execution also. Reference List Bishop, M. (2011). Increasing current standards on Performance-Driven Leadership. T+D, 65(7), 38. Recovered from EBSCOhost. Schraeder, M., Jordan, M. (2011). Overseeing Performance. Diary for Quality  Participation, 34(2), 4-10. Recovered from EBSCOhost. Van der Merwe, S. P. (2009). Determinants of family worker work execution and pay in privately-owned companies. South African Journal of Business Management, 40(1), 51. Recovered from EBSCOhost.

Working Mother Base On Attachment Theory

Working Mother Base On Attachment Theory There are expanding number of ladies proceed with their professions after brought forth their childs. They are viewed as working moms, whom are confronting numerous troubles to keep balance between the work and the family. This wonder prompted numerous examinations about the impact of maternal business base on a safe mother-baby attachment.This paper bring up the issue: numerous moms are regularly stood up to with the problem of picking between their employments or vocations, and their kids, regardless of whether they should return to work after baby blues. The connection hypothesis in this paper was found by John Bowlby, whom accentuated the significance of moms consideration and care on the newborn child. He contended that there was quite a while keep going impact on the baby future life. There are additionally contemporary reasearches proposed that maternal work have benefits on the family and the newborn child. The paper examine the deveopment of mother-newborn child connection h ypotheses and current examinations, to assess the positive and negative impact to the baby of working mother. Baby mother connection Connection hypothesis was planned by therapist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby. It is a mental, transformative, and ethological hypothesis concerning connections between people brought up that a little youngster needs to build up a relationship with in any event one essential parental figure for social and enthusiastic improvement to happen typically . As indicated by his investigation of connection hypothesis, newborn child conduct related with connection is fundamentally the looking for of nearness to a connection figure, in addition, secure base and place of refuge are the highlights and capacity of connection connections. Newborn children become joined to grown-ups who are delicate and responsive in social connections with them. Numerous specialists concur that the mother-youngster connection bond is the term for our first intuitive love relationship-the one we had with our essential guardians, our moms. The mother-kid connection bond shapes babies minds, significantly impacting their confidence, their desires for other people, and their capacity to pull in and keep up fruitful connections . These days concentrates additionally bolster that during the early turn of events, the baby mother connection and the early social encounters may deliver dependable changes in the mind of the newborn child with significant conduct and passionate impacts all through the entire life . The newborn child practices that have been ensnared as coming about because of this hypothetically undermined mother baby relationship have included slight, transient impacts on friendliness and full of feeling sharing to results proposing critical increments in peevishness, psychological deferrals, social issues, and challenges with connecti on among others . By and large, after connection hypothesis, the early association created between an essential kid care supplier and a newborn child is basic for improvement. Lacking of experience make it hard for them to deal with the issue about this new part and family change, particularly just because parenthood. The achievement or disappointment of the connection bond has a long lasting impact in a people life. Maternal work and newborn child connection Regardless of whether and what about the moms working status influence the newborn child was a subject of extraordinary enthusiasm for the 1980s. With regards to moms expanded cooperation in paid work, consideration has likewise gone to the effect of maternal business and the utilization of nonmaternal kid care as extra factors prone to influence maternal providing care and the creating connection relationship. Numerous researchers, legislators, and guardians were stressed over the youngsters, particularly newborn child, would endure in the event that others however not the moter thought about them more often than not , others contended that such concerns depended on severe chauvinist partialities not information . So discusses began, positive or negative impact on the connection of mother and baby, in the case of working moms is assuming the liability of the newborn child or not. For what reason do moms go to work Why moms go to work; in Hong Kong society, ladies go to work for more close to home and social reasons than for money related reasons. In customary society, moms are performing generalized jobs as be answerable for the family, for example, doing housework, planning supper, minding of the youngsters and spouse. Presently in current society, ladies are not, at this point limited by the customary mother and spouse job. For the conservative explanation, they need to make more advantages to the family and addition more freedom in financial position. For the instruction standard, ladies who accomplished high instructive capability, need to apply their insight to the work and seek after an effective profession, and they are required by the general public. For the changing social standards, ladies are accomplishing more uniformities in work, morevoer, they are not gone about as terrible mothers when they go to work and give less consideration on the kids. The entire society will in general a cknowledge working moms. Despite the fact that few reasons and conditions referenced above appear to permit moms to join the workforce, still a significant number of them face with a difficulty in regards to their vocation and family . Still such a large number of mother feel battling in the circumstance of whether to work or not. Negative part of working moms As indicated by the above connection hypotheses, it is anything but difficult to acknowledget the damage that would do to the baby absence of connection. It is to state that negative impacts on the improvement of secure connection, or even possibly harming . Neglect to furnish the youngster with adequate structure, acknowledgment, getting, wellbeing, and common accord may prompt become genuinely and sincerely inaccessible seeing someone in later relationship, stay uncertain, become disarranged, forceful and irate, and grow gradually. . A working mother is will in general make an uncertain and conflicting connection. Stifter, Coulehan, and Fish , found no noteworthy associations between work status and connection security, yet did got the open consideration of the thought and incorporation of different factors, for example, maternal division tension and maternal affectability. Exceptionally the exploration found that newborn children of moms who were utilized yet revealed high business related division nervousness were bound to create on edge avoidant connections. And afterward, a finding recommended that utilized mother were less put resources into parenthood and had elevated level of uneasiness , inferred high tension would hinder taking great consideration of the newborn child. A child should grow up to be cherishing, balanced person. A full-time utilized mother would have passed up being there and watching the infant from very close. These are significant developmental period, as a moms nature, need to be around to reinforce the connection bond among mother and baby. The impacts of maternal work of secure mother-newborn child connection relationship to be negative of larger part as indicated by those looks into. These confirmations bolster the speculation that working moms increment the danger of some bothersome results, espacilly in the babys first year. Positive part of working moms Do maternal work adversy affect the kids? The appropriate response might be no. Truth be told, moms with vocations positively affect youngsters, as they fill in as great good examples. An investigation in Australia found no connection between maternal work and newborn child connection. In the early examination, Bowlby demanded that partition from the mother ought to be kept to a base . In any case, in the further investigation, he built up his announcement as an auxiliary connection figure can meet a newborn children needs sufficiently in the essential figures nonappearance . In another words, mother was by all account not the only connection cling to the infant and this finding allowed the mother a chance to slowly inhale during the staggering obligations. She didn't have to assume the main liability to the input towards the newborn child. Afterward, a few researchers stressed quality however not amount of the connection. To an extreme and too sensative reacts to the child may set off a ruining parental style. Before a babies self-guideline of outside upgrades, guardians are dependable . Guardians need to get familiar with the distinction between something over the top and too little reacts for dealing with the newborn child distractedness and exorbitant incitement. Giving the fitting measure of input for the child is leading a solid connection bond. I was dazzled by a professorss saying that numerous guardians feel narrow minded and savage in leaving their crying small kid for the nonattendance time. Be that as it may, it isn't just an advantageous open door for her folks, it is additionally a significant exercise in trust for her that you will consistently be clear about when you are leaving, you will consistently give a mindful defender while you are gone, and, the best part is that you generally come back to cherish and ensure her . Guardians ought to be support that, appropriately leaving however not generally adhere to the child is additionally buliding a trustful relationship. For the further worry of the infant, Such working moms will in general accentuate instruction, and furthermore figure out how to invest quality energy with their kids. Discussing the double salary, the way of life is higher, kids gain admittance to better quality training and extra-curricular exercises. Acadamic measurement exhibited this reality: secure parental work brings down the frequency of neediness and the related dangers to kids . The expansion in the level of kids living with a working guardian is welcome news, said Duane Alexander, M.D., Director of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health. Secure parental business assists with lessening the mental cost for families, welcomed on by parental joblessness and underemployment.Secure parental work may likewise upgrade childrens mental prosperity and improve family working by decreasing pressure and other negative impacts that joblessness and underemployment can have on

Management Th??r? of H?nr? Mintzb?rg

Management Th??r? of H?nr? Mintzb?rg “Th? ?ff??tiv?n??? ?f a manager ??n ?nl? be judged in ??nt?xt … Managers are n?t effective; matches ?r? effective. Th?r? i? n? ?u?h thing ?? a g??d hu?b?nd ?r g??d wif?, ?nl? a g??d couple. And ?? it i? with m?n?g?r? and th?ir unit?. There m?? b? ????l? who f?il in ?ll managerial jobs, but there ?r? none wh? can ?u????d in ?ll ?f them. Su????? d???nd? ?n th? m?t?h b?tw??n th? person ?nd th? ??nt?xt, at th? tim?, f?r a time”. H?nr? Mintzb?rgImagine what life and work would have been like without management. Imagine what your typical office environment would look like without management.My guess is that it would be disastrous and chaotic.First of all, how would you even know what your duties and assignments are? Who do you report to when you’ve achieved a goal or when you’ve fail a task. What system do you use to solve a particular problem? How do you handle a team goal? Would the word team even exist? If so, who would be the team leader and what would be his or her duties: in a world without a management concept?I could go on and on, but I think at this point, you get the gist.In fact, I could say with all confidence that management is what holds the entire human society together.Be it in the government sector, the private sector, house holds and even friendships. We would be lost without management practices and ideas, managers to uphold those practices and most importantly, management theorists that create these theories for us.Like we’ve stated above, m?n?ging is one ?f th? m??t important hum?n activities.It h?? b??n essential in ?n?uring the ???rdin?ti?n ?f individu?l ?ff?rt? fr?m the tim? human b?ing? b?g?n f?rming ???i?l ?rg?niz?ti?n? t? ????m?li?h aims ?nd objectives th?? could n?t ????m?li?h as individu?l?.A? ???i?t? ??ntinu?u?l? r?li?d ?n gr?u? ?ff?rt, ?nd as m?n? ?rg?niz?d gr?u?? h?v? b???m? large, the task of m?n?g?r? has b??n increasing in importance and ??m?l?xit?.H?n??f?rth, m?n?g?ri?l th??r? h?? b???m? ?ru?i?l in the w?? managers m?n? g? ??m?l?x ?rg?niz?ti?n?.M?n?g?m?nt th??r? originated with scientific ?nd bur??u?r?ti? management. These management theories u??dm???ur?m?nts,procedures, androutinesa? th? basis for operations (more like clockwork).Organizations d?v?l???d hierarchies t? ???l? ?t?nd?rdiz?d and strict rul?? t? the w?rk?l??? ?nd ?uni?h?d w?rk?r? who did not f?ll?w th?m.But with th? conception of the hum?n relations management theories, ??m??ni?? started taking more interest on individual w?rk?r? as humans, rather than just a cog in the machine.M?n?g?m?nt theories h?v? ?v?lv?d t? ??kn?wl?dg? that ??r??r?t? culture can b? a ??ntribut?r t? ??rf?rm?n??.If ??u can d?v?l?? a sense ?f b?l?nging t? a gr?u? f?r your company, ??u ??n manage th? bu?in??? and im?r?v? finances and performance ?nd make large returns on inv??tm?nt.BUT BEFORE W? GO ANY FURTH?R, H?W D? W? D?FIN? M?N?G?M?NT?M?n?g?m?nt i? the art, ?r ??i?n??, ?f achieving goals thr?ugh ????l?.Sin?? managers also supervise, management ??n b? int?r?r?t?d t ? m??n literally “l??king ?v?r” â€" i.e., m?king sure people d? wh?t they ?r? supposed t? d?.M?n?g?r? are, therefore, ?x???t?d t? ?n?ur? gr??t?r ?r?du?tivit? ?r, u?ing th? current j?rg?n, ‘continuous im?r?v?m?nt’.More br??dl?, m?n?g?m?nt i? th? ?r????? of d??igning ?nd m?int?ining an ?nvir?nm?nt in whi?h individu?l?, w?rking together in gr?u??, ?ffi?i?ntl? ????m?li?h ??l??t?d ?im?.In it? expanded f?rm, this basic d?finiti?n m??n? ??v?r?l things.Fir?t, as managers, ????l? carry ?ut the m?n?g?ri?l fun?ti?n? ?f ?l?nning, organizing, ?t?ffing, leading, and ??ntr?lling.S???nd, m?n?g?m?nt ???li?? t? any kind ?f organization.Third, m?n?g?m?nt ???li?? to managers ?t ?ll organizational l?v?l?. F?urth, th? aim ?f ?ll m?n?g?r? i? the same â€" t? ?r??t? ?ur?lu?. Finally, m?n?ging i? concerned with ?r?du?tivit? â€" thi? implies ?ff??tiv?n??? and ?ffi?i?n??.Thus, management r?f?r? t? th? d?v?l??m?nt ?f bur??u?r??? that d?riv?? it? im??rt?n?? from th? n??d for strategic planning, ??-?rdin? ti?n, dir??ting ?nd controlling of l?rg? ?nd ??m?l?x decision-making process.E???nti?ll?, th?r?f?r?, m?n?g?m?nt entails th? acquisition ?f m?n?g?ri?l ??m??t?n??, and ?ff??tiv?n??? in th? f?ll?wing key areas: ?r?bl?m ??lving, ?dmini?tr?ti?n, hum?n resource m?n?g?m?nt, and ?rg?niz?ti?n?l l??d?r?hi?.Lastly, m?n?g?m?nt i? about solving ?r?bl?m? th?t k??? emerging ?ll th? time in the ??ur?? of ?n ?rg?niz?ti?n ?truggling to ??hi?v? it? g??l? ?nd ?bj??tiv??.Pr?bl?m ??lving should be ????m??ni?d by problem id?ntifi??ti?n, ?n?l??i? ?nd th? implementation of r?m?di?? t? managerial problems.Administration inv?lv?? f?ll?wing l?id down procedures (?lth?ugh ?r???dur?? ?r rul?? ?h?uld not be seen ?? ends in th?m??lv??) f?r th? execution, control, communication, d?l?g?ti?n ?nd ?ri?i? m?n?g?m?nt.Human resource m?n?g?m?nt should b? b???d ?n ?tr?t?gi? integration ?f human r???ur??, assessment ?f w?rk?r?, ?nd exchange ?f id??? b?tw??n shareholders ?nd w?rk?r?.Org?niz?ti?n?l leadership should b? develop ed ?l?ng lin?? ?f int?r??r??n?l r?l?ti?n?hi?, t??mw?rk, ??lf-m?tiv?ti?n t? ??rf?rm, emotional strength ?nd maturity t? h?ndl? ?itu?ti?n?, ??r??n?l int?grit?, ?nd general m?n?g?m?nt ?kill?.MANAGEMENT TH??R? OF H?NR? MINTZB?RG: THE B??I??N?w th?t w? are through with th? b??i?? ?f m?n?g?m?nt, l?t’? t?lk ?b?ut the Management Th??r? ?f H?nr? Mintzberg.Dr. H?nr? Mintzberg states th?t th? dut? ?f m?n?g?r? ??n b? b??t d?fin?d b? l??king over th?ir r?l?? ?t work. Dr. H?nr? Mintzb?rg a prominent m?n?g?m?nt researcher ??ndu?t?d a research t? find ?ut wh?t really i? a m?n?g?r’s dut? ?r r????n?ibilit? in other to be able to define who a manager is.In 1916 H?nri F???l w?? first t? give definition ?f manager. Dr. Henry Mintzberg wanted t? find ?ut if H?nri F???l’? 50 year ?ld definition of manager and m?n?g?m?nt definition ?till ?t??d is the 60’? and 70’s. S? h? ??ndu?t?d a research b??? ?n structured ?b??rv?ti?n method.F?r thi? Mintzb?rg observed the daily ??tiviti?? ?f fiv? ?x??utiv?? f?r a one w??k ??ri?d.They ?ll were fr?m five diff?r?nt t??? ?f ?rg?niz?ti?n; a ??n?ulting firm, a ??h??l, a t??hn?l?g? firm, a ??n?um?r goods m?nuf??tur?r ?nd a hospital.He kept tr??k ?f all th?r? ??tiv?t?? ?nd ?n?l?z?d it. His r????r?h r???rt titl?d Managerial Work: Analysis from Ob??rv?ti?n w?? f?r hi? doctoral di???rt?ti?n, at th? Sl??n S?h??l ?f M?n?g?m?nt, M. I. T.In J?nu?r? 1971 h? ?ubmitt?d th? report ?nd it w?? accepted ?nd published in O?t?b?r 1971. In his r????r?h Mintzb?rg said th?t wh?t m?n?g?r? d? can b??t b? d???rib?d b? looking at th? r?l?? th?? ?l?? at w?rk.The t?rm m?n?g?m?nt role refers t? specific ??t?g?ri?? ?f m?n?g?ri?l b?h?vi?r. He id?ntifi?d 10 r?l?? that a manager played in an ?rg?niz?ti?n whi?h f?ll int? thr?? b??i? ??t?g?ri??: int?r??r??n?l roles, inf?rm?ti?n?l roles and d??i?i?n?l r?l??.T? d???rib? the work lif? ?f a CEO, Mintzberg fir?t id?ntifi?d ?ix ?h?r??t?ri?ti?? ?f th? j?b:M?n?g?r? process l?rg?, open-ended w?rkl??d? und?r tight time ?r???ur? a man agers j?b i? n?v?r d?n?.Managerial ??tiviti?? are relatively ?h?rt in duration, varied ?nd fr?gm?nt?d ?nd ?ft?n ??lf-initi?t?d.CEOs prefer action and action driven activities ?nd dislike mail and ????rw?rk.They ?r?f?r v?rb?l ??mmuni??ti?n thr?ugh m??ting? ?nd phone conversations.Th?? maintain r?l?ti?n?hi?? ?rim?ril? with their subordinates ?nd external ??rti?? ?nd l???t with th?ir ?u??ri?r?.Th?ir inv?lv?m?nt in th? execution ?f th? w?rk i? limit?d ?lth?ugh th?? initi?t? m?n? of the d??i?i?n?.Mintzberg th?n identified t?n separate r?l?? in m?n?g?ri?l w?rk, each r?l? d?fin?d ?? ?n organised ??ll??ti?n ?f b?h?vi?ur? b?l?nging to ?n identifiable fun?ti?n or position.H? separated th??? roles into thr?? ?ub??t?g?ri??: int?r??r??n?l ??nt??t (1, 2, 3), information processing (4, 5, 6), and d??i?i?n m?king (7-10). Figurehead: th? manager ??rf?rm? ??r?m?ni?l ?nd symbolic duti?? as head ?f th? ?rg?ni??ti?n;Leader: f??t?r? a proper w?rk atmosphere and m?tiv?t?? and develops subordinates;Liaison : d?v?l??? ?nd m?int?in? a network ?f ?xt?rn?l ??nt??t? t? gather inf?rm?ti?n;Monitor: gathers int?rn?l ?nd external inf?rm?ti?n r?l?v?nt t? th? ?rg?ni??ti?n;Disseminator: tr?n?mit? f??tu?l ?nd v?lu? b???d inf?rm?ti?n t? ?ub?rdin?t??;Spokesperson: ??mmuni??t?? to th? ?ut?id? w?rld ?n ??rf?rm?n?? ?nd ??li?i??.Entrepreneur: designs and initi?t?? ?h?ng? in the ?rg?ni??ti?n;Disturbance Handler: deals with unexpected ?v?nt? and operational br??kd?wn?;Resource Allocator: ??ntr?l? and authorises the use ?f ?rg?ni??ti?n?l r???ur???;Negotiator: ??rti?i??t?? in negotiation ??tiviti?? with ?th?r organisations and individu?l?.Interpersonal R?l??Th??? r?l?? r?l?t? t? the m?n?g?r’? b?h?vi?r th?t f??u??? ?n int?r??r??n?l ??nt??t Int?r??r??n?l r?l?? ?r? r?l?? th?t involve people (?ub?rdin?t?? and ??r??n? ?ut?id? the organization) and ?th?r duti?? that ?r? ceremonial and ??mb?li? in n?tur?.Th? thr?? int?r??r??n?l r?l?? in?lud? being a figur?h??d, leader, ?nd liaison.According to Dr. H?nr? Mintzber g th??? thr?? interpersonal roles d?riv? fr?m th? authority ?nd status ?????i?t?d with m?n?g?r?’ post.Figurehead: Th? figur?h??d performs symbolic legal ?r social duties. All ???i?l, in??ir?ti?n, legal and ceremonial obligations. In thi? light, the manager i? ???n ?? a symbol ?f ?t?tu? and ?uth?rit?.L??d?r: Th? L??d?r build? relationships with ?m?l????? ?nd ??mmuni??t?? with, m?tiv?t??, and ????h?? th?m. Duties ?r? at th? heart ?f th? m?n?g?r-?ub?rdin?t? relationship ?nd include structuring ?nd motivating ?ub?rdin?t??, ?v?r???ing th?ir ?r?gr???, promoting and encouraging th?ir d?v?l??m?nt, and balancing ?ff??tiv?n???.Li?i??n: Th? li?i??n m?int?in? a network ?f ??nt??t? ?ut?id? th? w?rk unit t? ?bt?in inf?rm?ti?n. D???rib?? th? inf?rm?ti?n and ??mmuni??ti?n ?blig?ti?n? ?f a m?n?g?r. On? mu?t n?tw?rk ?nd ?ng?g? in information exchange to g?in ?????? t? knowledge b????.Inf?rm?ti?n?l RolesInf?rm?ti?n?l r?l?? inv?lv? receiving, collecting, and di???min?ting information. The three infor mational r?l?? in?lud? a monitor, disseminator, ?nd ???k????r??n.Th??? inf?rm?ti?n?l r?l?? are ?ll ?b?ut r???iving ?nd tr?n?mitting information ?? that managers ??n serve ?? th? n?rv? centers ?f their ?rg?niz?ti?n. Th? informational r?l?? are;M?nit?r: A?ting ?? a m?nit?r i? th? first m?n?g?ri?l r?l? within th? inf?rm?ti?n?l category. Ju?t as the word w?uld indicate, b?ing a m?nit?r inv?lv?? tr??king changes in the fi?ld th?t ??ur organization w?rk? in, as well ?? changes ?n your team th?t might be ?ign? ?f tr?ubl? d?wn th? road. Things are never ?t?ti? in business, ?? th? ?u?????ful m?n?g?r is ?n? wh? will ??n?t?ntl? monitor the situation ?r?und them and m?k? quick changes ?? n??????r?.Di???min?t?r: It does n? g??d ?? a m?n?g?r t? ??ll??t information fr?m a v?ri?t? ?f internal ?nd ?xt?rn?l sources if ??u ?r? only going t? k??? it for ??ur??lf. Th? ??int ?f g?th?ring that information i? so that ??ur team ??n b?n?fit from it dir??tl?, ?? th? n?xt inf?rm?ti?n?l r?l? i? di???min?ti?n g ?tting inf?rm?ti?n ?ut quickly and ?ff??tiv?l? t? th? r??t ?f ??ur team. W??t?d tim? b? the t??m m?mb?r? ?n a ??rt?in part of a project ?ft?n h?? to do with th?m n?t ???????ing all of the r?l?v?nt inf?rm?ti?n, so make ?ur? they have it ?? ???n ?? ????ibl?.S??k????r??n: As th? h??d of a t??m ?f ?n? ?iz? or r?l? within the organization, ??u will b? the r??r???nt?tiv? ?f th?t t??m wh?n it ??m?? t? meetings, ?nn?un??m?nt?, ?t?. Being a ???k????r??n i? th? fin?l inf?rm?ti?n?l role ?n th? li?t, ?nd it i? ?n im??rt?nt ?n? b???u?? ??r???ti?n is ?ft?n a big ??rt of r??lit?. Ev?n if your team i? d?ing gr??t w?rk, it might n?t be r?fl??t?d ?? such to ?th?r decision m?k?r? in th? ?rg?niz?ti?n if ??u ?r?nt a good ???k????r??n.Decisional R?l??D??i?i?n?l r?l?? r?v?lv?d around m?king ?h?i???. Managers’ int?r??r??n?l r?l? l??d? t? the d??i?i?n?l roles.Information and r???ur??? th?t’? ??ll??t?d ?nd g?th?r?d by the int?r??r??n?l m?k?? a m?ng?r ?bl? t? ?l?? the d??i?i?n?l r?l?? ?r r????n?ibiliti?? th?t his is ?blig?t?d to.Th? four d??i?i?n?l roles include being ?n entrepreneur, di?turb?n?? h?ndl?r, r???ur?? ?ll???t?r, ?nd negotiator.Entr??r?n?ur: In some ways, b?ing a manager within a l?rg?r ?rg?niz?ti?n is lik? running ??ur own ?m?ll bu?in???. While ??u will h?v? m?n?g?r? above you to ?n?w?r t?, ??u still n??d to think like an entrepreneur in t?rm? of quickly solving problems, thinking ?f n?w ideas th?t could move ??ur t??m f?rw?rd, ?nd m?r?. Thi? is th? fir?t r?l? within the d??i?i?n?l ??t?g?r? ?n the list.Di?turb?n?? H?ndl?r: It is almost inevitable that th?r? will b? di?turb?n??? ?l?ng the way during any kind ?f project or t??k th?t involves more th?n ?n? ??r??n. Th? ????nd it?m in th? d??i?i?n?l ???ti?n ?f the li?t i? b?ing a disturbance handler, b???u?? getting b??k ?n track after a problem ?ri??? is important t? ?h?rt-t?rm and long-term ?r?du?tivit?. Wh?th?r it is a ??nfli?t among t??m members ?r a bigg?r ?r?bl?m ?ut?id? ?f th? gr?u?, your ?bilit? to h?ndl? di?turb?n?? ? says a lot about ??ur skills as a m?n?g?r.R???ur?? All???t?r: Ev?r? project i? tackled u?ing r???ur??? th?t ?r? limited in ??m? w?? ?r ?n?th?r. A? a r???ur?? allocator, it is ??ur j?b t? best u?? wh?t ??u h?v? ?v?il?bl? in ?rd?r to get th? j?b done ?nd m??t your d?fin?d g??l? and ?bj??tiv??. R???ur??? ??n include budget th?t h?? b??n made ?v?il?bl? for a ?r?j??t, raw materials, ?m?l?????, ?nd m?r?. Thi? i? th? third it?m within th? d??i?i?n?l ??t?g?r?, ??t it is one ?f th? m??t im??rt?nt thing? a m?n?g?r must do.N?g?ti?t?r: Business i? ?ll ?b?ut n?g?ti?ti?n, ?nd th?t i? ?????i?ll? tru? f?r m?n?g?r?. Th? final r?l? on the li?t, b?ing a n?g?ti?t?r d???nt just mean g?ing ?ut?id? ?f the ?rg?niz?ti?n t? negotiate th? t?rm? ?f a new deal. In fact, m??t ?f th? im??rt?nt n?g?ti?ti?n will take ?l??? right within ??ur own team itself. G?tting ?v?r??n? t? buy in t? th? ?v?r?ll goal and vision for a ?r?j??t lik?l? will m??n negotiating with individual team m?mb?r? t? get th?m t? adopt a r?l? th?t ?uit? their skills and ??r??n?l d?v?l??m?nt g??l?. A good m?n?g?r will b? ?bl? to negotiate their w?? through th??? challenges ?nd keep th? ?r?j??t ?n tr??k f?r success.Interpersonal r?l?? â€" H?w a m?n?g?r int?r??t? with other peopleD???ri?ti?n ?f actionsExamples from managerial practice r??uiring ??tiv?ti?n ?f corresponding rolesFigureheadS?mb?li? l??d?r of the ?rg?niz?ti?n performing duties of ???i?l ?nd legal ?h?r??t?rAtt?nding ribb?n-?utting ??r?m?ni??, hosting r????ti?n?, ?r???nt?ti?n? ?nd other ??tiviti?? associated with th? figurehead roleL??d?rM?tiv?ting ?ub?rdin?t??, int?r??ti?n with th?m, ??l??ti?n ?nd training ?f ?m?l?????Virtually ?ll m?n?g?ri?l ???r?ti?n? involving subordinatesLi?i??nE?t?bli?hing ??nt??t? with m?n?g?r? ?nd ????i?li?t? ?f ?th?r divisions and ?rg?niz?ti?n?, inf?rming subordinates of these ??nt??t?Business ??rr????nd?n??, ??rti?i??ti?n in m??ting? with representatives ?f ?th?r divi?i?n? (?rg?niz?ti?n?)Informational r?l?? â€" H?w a m?ng?r ?x?h?ng?? ?n d ?r??????? inf?rm?ti?nMonitor (r???iv?r)C?ll??ting various d?t? relevant to ?d??u?t? workHandling in??ming ??rr????nd?n??, periodical ?urv???, attending seminars ?nd ?xhibiti?n?, r????r?h toursDi???min?t?r ?f inf?rm?ti?nTransmitting inf?rm?ti?n obtained from b?th external sources and employees t? interested ????l? in?id? th? organizationDi???min?ti?n ?f inf?rm?ti?n l?tt?r? and dig??t?, int?rvi?wing, informing ?ub?rdin?t?? ?f the agreements r???h?dSpokespersonTr?n?mitting inf?rm?ti?n on th? ?rg?niz?ti?n’? ?l?n’?, current ?itu?ti?n ?nd ??hi?v?m?nt? ?f the divisions t? ?ut?id?r?C?m?iling and di???min?ting inf?rm?ti?n l?tt?r? and ?ir?ul?r?, ??rti?i??ti?n in m??ting? with ?r?gr??? r???rt?D??i?i?n?l roles â€" How a manager u??? inf?rm?ti?n in d??i?i?n m?kingEntr??r?n?ur (initi?t?r of change)S??king ????rtuniti?? t? develop ?r??????? b?th in?id? the ?rg?niz?ti?n ?nd in th? systems ?f interaction with ?th?r divi?i?n? and ?tru?tur??, initi?t?? im?l?m?nt?ti?n ?f inn?v?ti?n? t? improve th ? ?rg?niz?ti?n’? ?itu?ti?n and ?m?l???? w?ll-b?ingP?rti?i??ti?n in m??ting? involving debating ?nd d??i?i?n making on ??r????tiv? i??u??, and also in m??ting? dedicated t? im?l?m?nt?ti?n ?f innovationsDi?turb?n?? h?ndl?rT?king care of th? organizations, correcting ?ng?ing ??tiviti??, assuming r????n?ibilit? when f??t?r? thr??t?ning n?rm?l w?rk ?f th? ?rg?niz?ti?n ?m?rg?D?b?ting and decision making on strategic ?urr?nt issues concerning w??? ?f ?v?r??ming ?ri?i? ?itu?ti?n?R???ur?? allocatorD??iding ?n ?x??nditur? ?f th? organization’s ?h??i??l, fin?n?i?l and human r???ur???Drawing u? ?nd approving ??h?dul??, ?l?n?, ??tim?t?? ?nd budgets; ??ntr?lling th?ir ?x??uti?nNegotiator (m?di?t?r)R??r???nting the organization in all important n?g?ti?ti?n?C?ndu?ting n?g?ti?ti?n?, ??t?bli?hing official link? b?tw??n th? organization ?nd ?th?r ??m??ni??Mintzb?rg next ?n?l???d individu?l managers u?? and mix of th? ten r?l?? ????rding t? th? six w?rk r?l?t?d ?h?r??t?ri?ti??.H? id?ntifi?d four ?l u?t?r? ?f ind???nd?nt v?ri?bl??: external, fun?ti?n related, individu?l ?nd situational. H? ??n?lud?d that eight r?l? ??mbin?ti?n? were natural ??nfigur?ti?n? of th? j?b:contact m?n?g?r figur?h??d ?nd liaison??liti??l manager ???k????r??n ?nd n?g?ti?t?r?ntr??r?n?ur ?ntr??r?n?ur ?nd n?g?ti?t?rinsider resource allocatorr??l-tim? m?n?g?r disturbance h?ndl?rteam m?n?g?r l??d?r?x??rt manager monitor and spokespersonnew manager li?i??n and monitorMintzb?rg? study on th? nature of m?n?g?ri?l w?rk ?x????d m?n? managerial m?th? r??uiring ?h?ng? ?u?h ?? replacing th? ?ur? of reflective ?tr?t?gi?t? ??r?full? planning th?ir firms n?xt move with ?n? ?f fallible hum?n? wh? are ??ntinu?u?l? int?rru?t?d.Ind??d, half of th? managerial ??tiviti?? studied l??t?d l??? th?n nin? minut??.Mintzberg also f?und th?t ?lth?ugh individu?l ????biliti?? influ?n?? th? im?l?m?nt?ti?n ?f a r?l?, it is th? ?rg?ni??ti?n that d?t?rmin?? th? n??d f?r a ??rti?ul?r role, ?ddr???ing the ??mm?n b?li?f th?t it ?r?d? min?ntl? a m?n?g?r? ?kill set th?t d?t?rmin?? ?u?????.Eff??tiv? m?n?g?r? d?v?l?? ?r?t???l? f?r action giv?n th?ir job description and ??r??n?l ?r?f?r?n??, ?nd m?t?h th??? with the ?itu?ti?n ?t h?nd.PROSTh? reality of m?n?g?m?nt is that th? pressures of th? j?b driv? the manager t? t?k? on too mu?h w?rk, encourage interruption, r????nd t? ?v?r? ?timulu?, ???k th? t?ngibl? and ?v?id th? ?b?tr??t, make d??i?i?n? in ?m?ll in?r?m?nt?.Mintzb?rg? k?? ??ntributi?n was to highlight th? importance of und?r?t?nding CEO? tim? m?n?g?m?nt and t??k? in ?rd?r to b? ?bl? t? im?r?v? their w?rk and develop th?ir skills ???r??ri?t?l?.The m??t valued theoretical contribution w?? Mintzbergs r?l? t???l?g?. Its validity w?? demonstrated in consecutive studies ?nd thus ?r??t?d a ??mm?n l?ngu?g?. His contingency m?d?l linking m?n?g?m?nt t???? to roles was l??? valuable.Mintzb?rg? ?im w?? to observe unbiased m?n?g?ri?l b?h?vi?ur ?nd analyse it through ?m?iri??l research.B?f?r? hi? r????r?h, th? n?rm?tiv? fr?m ?w?rk? ?r?du??d b? Fayols ?dmini?tr?tiv? m?n?g?m?nt ?nd Gulicks POSDCORB w?r? dominant. Mintzb?rg? r?l? typology d?bunk?d these n?rm?tiv? ???t?m?.CONSMintzb?rg d??? not ???um? ?x-?nt? wh?t an (in)?ff??tiv? ?r (n?n)?u?????ful m?n?g?r entails. H? also n?gl??t? the r?l?ti?n?hi? b?tw??n managerial b?h?vi?ur ?nd ?rg?ni??ti?n?l ?ff??tiv?n???.Furthermore, h? t?k?? a n?utr?l position ?n the managerial r?l? ?mitting influ?n??? ?u?h as ownership ?nd power. Identified ??nting?n?? f??t?r? ?x?l?in differences in th? m?k?-u? ?f m?n?g?ri?l w?rk.Th? ?m?iri??l study is b???d ?n fiv? organisations in ??ti?n. Th? small sample ?iz? means th?t th? results ?h?uld not b? ???li?d t? ?ll indu?tr?, ?rg?ni??ti?n? or m?n?g?m?nt positions.In his 1973 ?tud?, Mintzberg d??l?r?d th?t the m?n?g?r? ???iti?n i? ?lw??? th? ?t?rting ??int in organisational ?n?l??i?. H? ?l?? ?rgu?d th?t managerial roles ?r? ???u?nti?l a m?n?g?r fir?t m?k?? int?r??r??n?l contact through hi? formal ?t?tu? which in turn ?ll?w? inf?rm?ti?n ?r?????ing ?nd l??d? t? d??i?i?n making. Mintzb?rg later r?j??t?d thi? r?l?ti?n?hi? b???d ?n n?w empirical d?t?.APPLICATION ?F THE ??N???T? ?ND TH??R?Y?u ??n use Mintzb?rg? 10 M?n?g?m?nt Roles m?d?l ?? a fr?m? ?f r?f?r?n?? wh?n ??ur? thinking about developing ??ur ?wn skills and kn?wl?dg?. (This in?lud?? developing ??ur??lf in areas that you consciously or un??n??i?u?l? shy away fr?m.)First, examine how much time you currently ???nd ?n ???h m?n?g?ri?l role. Do ??u ???nd m??t of your d?? l??ding? M?n?ging ??nfli?t? Di???min?ting inf?rm?ti?n? This will help ??u decide which ?r??? to work ?n first.Figur?h??dFigur?h??d? r??r???nt th?ir teams. If ??u need to improve or build confidence in thi? area, ?t?rt with ??ur im?g?, behavior, ?nd reputation. Cultiv?t? humility and empathy, l??rn h?w to ??t a g??d ?x?m?l? at w?rk, ?nd think ?b?ut how t? b? a g??d r?l? model.L??d?rThi? i? th? r?l? ??u ?r?b?bl? ???nd m??t ?f your tim? fulfilling.Next, learn how t? b? an authentic l??d?r, ?? ??ur team will respect you. Al??, f??u? ?n im?r?ving ??ur emotional int?llig?n?? â€" thi? is an im??rt?nt ?kill f?r b?ing ?n ?ff??tiv? l??d?r.Li?i??nTo im?r?v? ??ur li?i??n ?kill?, w?rk ?n ??ur ?r?f???i?n?l n?tw?rking t??hni?u??.M?nit?rT? im?r?v? h?r?, l??rn h?w t? g?th?r inf?rm?ti?n ?ff??tiv?l? and overcome information ?v?rl??d.Al??, u?? effective r??ding strategies, ?? th?t ??u ??n process material ?ui?kl? ?nd thoroughly, and learn h?w to k??? u?-t?-d?t? with indu?tr? n?w?.DisseminatorT? be a g??d disseminator ??u n??d to know h?w to ?h?r? inf?rm?ti?n and ?ut?id? vi?w? ?ff??tiv?l?, whi?h m??n? th?t good communication ?kill? are vit?l.L??rn h?w to ?h?r? ?rg?niz?ti?n?l inf?rm?ti?n with T??m Bri?fing?. Next, focus ?n im?r?ving ??ur writing ?kill?. Y?u might ?l?? want to take ?ur ??mmuni??ti?n ?kill? quiz, t? find ?ut where ?l?? ??u ??n im?r?v?.S??k????r??nT? b? ?ff??tiv? in thi? r?l?, m?k? ?ur? that you kn?w how t? r??r???nt ??ur organization at a ??nf?r?n??. Y?u m?? ?l?? want t? r??d ?ur ?rt i?l?? ?n delivering gr??t ?r???nt?ti?n? ?nd w?rking with th? m?di? (if applicable t? your role).Entr??r?n?urTo im?r?v? h?r?, build ?n ??ur ?h?ng? m?n?g?m?nt ?kill?, ?nd learn wh?t n?t t? d? wh?n im?l?m?nting change in ??ur ?rg?niz?ti?n. Y?ull ?l?? n??d to work ?n ??ur problem ??lving and creativity ?kill?, ?? th?t ??u ??n ??m? u? with n?w id???, and im?l?m?nt th?m successfully.Di?turb?n?? HandlerIn this role, you n??d to ?x??l ?t conflict resolution and kn?w h?w to handle team ??nfli?t. It? ?l?? helpful to b? ?bl? t? m?n?g? emotion in ??ur t??m.R???ur?? AllocatorT? improve as a r???ur?? allocator, learn h?w t? m?n?g? a budg?t, ?ut ???t?, and ?ri?ritiz?, so th?t ??u ??n make the b??t u?? of ??ur resources.You can also u?? VRIO Analysis to l??rn h?w to g?t th? b??t r??ult? fr?m th? resources available t? ??u.N?g?ti?t?rIm?r?v? ??ur n?g?ti?ti?n ?kill? b? l??rning ?b?ut Win-Win N?g?ti?ti?n ?nd Di?tributiv? Bargaining.

Hamlet the Indecisive Academic - 1511 Words

Hamlet is the first of Shakespeare’s major tragedies; it had its first performance around 1601 and is the most often performed of Shakespeare’s plays. It is written in verse, in this case unrhymed iambic pentameter, and prose, how we speak every day. When reading this play it does seem as though it is one very long poem, which isn’t surprising as about 27% of it is written in verse. This essay will look at Hamlet’s soliloquy in act 2 scene 2 and at his state of mind at this point of the play and to compare this to different points of the play. The question being asked is what is his state of mind? Is he insane or not? Hamlet is the Prince of Denmark and a scholar whose studies are cut short due to the terrible death of his father King†¦show more content†¦However, the â€Å"rub† he faces is the fear of â€Å"what dreams may come† (act3, scene 1, 66), that is the dread of something after death. He is well aware also that suicide is condemned by the church. Here is seen not only that Hamlet knows suicide is condemned by the church, but also it is fundamentally wrong and by definition an insane man wouldn’t be able to make this distinction as his thought processes would be too fragmented to make any coherent sense. At another point in the play where Claudius is alone in the chapel kneeling at prayer Hamlet has the opportunity to strike him down, â€Å"now might I do it pat, now he is praying†, (act 3, scene 3, 77 – 100). He does draw his sword but yet again his over analysing stops him. His reasoning for this delay is that Claudius is praying and in order for revenge to be complete Claudius has to be engaged in a sinful act. This again shows not the mind of an insane man but the thinking of a rational albeit conflicted mind. There is a point in the play where Hamlet seems insane and even violent. When Hamlet is telling Ophelia to â€Å"get thee to a nunnery†, (act 3, scene 1, 121). It seems as though because he is angry at his mother for marrying his uncle in this hasty incestuous way, he is tarring all women with the same brush. He is seeing all women as deceitful, â€Å"god hath given you one face and you make yourselvesShow MoreRelatedEssay on Hamlet as a Tragic Hero1051 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet as a Tragic Hero William Shakespeare, the greatest playwright of the English language, wrote a total of 37 plays in his lifetime, all of which can be categorized under tragedy, comedy, or history. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Shakespeares most popular and greatest tragedy, displays his genius as a playwright, as literary critics and academic commentators have found an unusual number of themes and literary techniques present in Hamlet. Hamlet concerns the murder of the king of Denmark and theRead MoreEssay on The Link Between Hamlet and Renaissance Ideals1308 Words   |  6 Pagesfor example in his play Hamlet (Oakes 68). Hamlet displays the ideals of the Renaissance through his indecisiveness and uncertainty much like the Catholics who questioned their religious beliefs. Shakespeare’s Hamlet is a true depiction of the indistinctiveness of beliefs after the Reformation. After the murder of his father, King Hamlet, Prince Hamlet sees his father’s ghost. His father’s ghost tells Hamlet he must avenge his death (Fiero 27). He also reveals to Hamlet that it was his UncleRead MoreThe Gendered Struggle: Comparing and Contrasting between Masculine and Feminine Perceptions of Honor in Two Cultures1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe comparisons between Medea and Hamlet are numerous. Both are stories about revenge that end in the controversial main character sacrificing everything in order to preserve one of the most important markers of identity of their time: honor. Medea was a controversial character in ancient times not only because of her filicide, but because she asserted that women have honor, an idea that was not the norm in Greece. In sharp contrast to her is Hamlet, the tragic hero that was honor-bound by his societyRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Pirandellos The Late Mattia1209 Words   |  5 PagesOrestes, suggesting that if there was a hole torn in the paper sky while Orestes was trying to avenge his father, he would become Hamlet. Orestes was a classical â€Å"hero†, who had a specific set of values, especially Honor, and was determined to live by them. But the hole in the sky would make him question all the absolute things he believed in and become Hamlet, a very indecisive and troubled person. â€Å"Lucky marionettes, I sighed, over whose wooden heads the false sky has no holes! No anguish or perplexity

Le Chateliers Principle in Chemistry

Le Chatelier†²s Principle is the principle when a stress is applied to a chemical system at equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift to relieve the stress. In other words, it can be used to predict the direction of a chemical reaction in response to a change in conditions of temperature, concentration, volume, or pressure. While Le Chateliers principle can be used to predict the response to a change in equilibrium, it does not explain (at a molecular level), why the system responds as it does. Key Takeaways: Le Chatelier's Principle Le Chateliers principle is also known as Chateliers principle or the equilibrium law.The principle predicts the effect of changes on a system. It is most often encountered in chemistry, but also applies to economics and biology (homeostasis).Essentially, the principle states that a system at equilibrium that is subjected to a change responds to the change to partly counteract the change and establish a new equilibrium. Chateliers Principle or the Equilibrium Law The principle is named for Henry Louis Le Chatelier. Le Chatelier and Karl Ferdinand Braun independently proposed the principle, which is also known as Chateliers principle or the equilibrium law. The law may be stated: When a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change in temperature, volume, concentration, or pressure, the system readjusts to partially counter the effect of the change, resulting in a new equilibrium. While chemical equations are typically written with reactants on the left, an arrow pointing from left to right, and products on the right, the reality is that a chemical reaction is at equilibrium. In other words, a reaction may proceed in both the forward and backward direction or be reversible. At equilibrium, both the forward and back reactions occur. One may proceed much more quickly than the other. In addition to chemistry, the principle also applies, in slightly different forms, to the fields of pharmacology and economics. How to Use Le Chateliers Principle in Chemistry Concentration: An increase in the amount of reactants (their concentration) will shift the equilibrium to produce more products (product-favored). Increasing the number of products will shift the reaction to make more reactants (reactant-favored). Decreasing reactants favors reactants. Decreasing product favors products. Temperature: Temperature may be added to a system either externally or as a result of the chemical reaction. If a chemical reaction is exothermic (ΔH  is negative or heat is released), heat is considered a product of the reaction. If the reaction is endothermic (ΔH  is positive or heat is absorbed), heat is considered a reactant. So, increasing or decreasing temperature can be considered the same as increasing or decreasing the concentration of reactants or products. In the temperature is increased, the heat of the system increases, causing the equilibrium to shift to the left (reactants). If the temperature is decreased, the equilibrium shifts to the right (products). In other words, the system compensates for the reduction in temperature by favoring the reaction that generates heat. Pressure/Volume: Pressure and volume can change if one or more of the participants in a chemical reaction is a gas. Changing the partial pressure or volume of a gas acts the same as changing its concentration. If the volume of gas increases, pressure decreases (and vice versa). If the pressure or volume increase, the reaction shifts toward the side with lower pressure. If the pressure is increased or volume decreases, equilibrium shifts toward the higher pressure side of the equation. Note, however, that adding an inert gas (e.g., argon or neon) increases the overall pressure of the system, yet does not change the partial pressure of the reactants or products, so no equilibrium shift occurs. Sources Atkins, P.W. (1993). The Elements of Physical Chemistry (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.Evans, D.J.; Searles, D.J.; Mittag, E. (2001), Fluctuation theorem for Hamiltonian systems—Le Chateliers principle. Physical Review E, 63, 051105(4).Le Chatelier, H.; Boudouard O. (1898), Limits of Flammability of Gaseous Mixtures. Bulletin de la Socià ©tà © Chimique de France (Paris), v. 19, pp. 483–488.Mà ¼nster, A. (1970). Classical Thermodynamics (translated by E.S. Halberstadt). Wiley–Interscience. London. ISBN 0-471-62430-6.Samuelson, Paul A. (1947, Enlarged ed. 1983). Foundations of Economic Analysis. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-31301-1.

Ethical Issues with Termination Free Essays

At-will employment means that the employee or employer has the right â€Å"to end the employment relationship at any time with or without notice or cause. † (FedEx Office: AllBusiness, 1999-2009) Involuntary termination is a touchy subject for employers and it can happen for numerous reasons: specific cause, such as stealing, poor performance, and layoffs due to lack of work. Even though most companies have an â€Å"at-will† relationship with their employees, it is still arguably illegal to terminate an employee for no reason. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Issues with Termination or any similar topic only for you Order Now When it comes to termination, managers are faced with current moral and ethical issues. In a lot of companies, in addition to professional relationships, managers develop personal relationships with their employees. In most cases, employees spend a majority of their week (40+ hours) with their â€Å"work family. † Co-workers learn about each other’s families, extra-curricular activities, and personal problems. Even if managers try to separate themselves from their employees on a personal level, it is difficult to ignore new school pictures being displayed on their desks or avoid a discussion about a recent weekend vacation.When legitimate problems arise in a company which requires involuntary termination, the manager faces a dilemma. They must fire an employee because it is best for the company and ignore the thoughts of how it will affect their family and personal life. Often times, employees take the involuntary termination harder because they feel betrayed by someone they considered their â€Å"friend†. When an employee is terminated, in more cases than not, they feel blind-sided; most of them â€Å"never saw it coming†.It is essential that employers set and follow standard documentation procedures that will provide a timeline of disciplinary action and perform ance reviews that will serve as proof of legitimate termination if necessary. A disgruntled employee may question the validity of their termination and in some cases seek legal counsel to help them determine if there was just cause. The current social issues in the United States may make it more difficult for a manager to terminate an employee while at the same time it is more than necessary.The financial state of the country is  causing businesses to struggle which results in less profits; less profits mean that a company’s productions will be lowered so they cannot afford and do not need the same number of employees. In this case, an employee may not have given any cause for termination but managers must choose which employee they are willing to lose. They may choose the last hired, the highest paid, or the employee that is least valuable.Knowing that the rate of unemployment is at an all time high and the possibility of finding other employment may take longer than usual, the manager faces a tough a decision when thinking of how their decision wil l negatively each person they must terminate. Severance packages may be offered in exchange for â€Å"a full release of all claims† that may be filed against the company for wrongful termination. Tough economical times may cause disgruntled employees to take whatever measures necessary to generate income for their family. I have been a victim of wrongful termination.In 2002,  I started working as an assistant to the Office Manager  of a small financial company. There were only two other people above the Office Manager and that was a person in sales position and then the President of the company. I quickly caught on and was given more responsibilities as well as a pretty healthy increase in pay. Working in a small office allows for unconventional relationships between managers and employees; we shared the same interests, shared a similar sense of humor which resulted in a workplace friendship between all of us.Lunch trips and shopping breaks turned into personal Christmas party invitations and summer beach house vacations. We were all very close and business was increasing so more employees were hired to work under me. My supervisor and I became almost interchangeable. If she was not there, I took over and performed her duties, although she could not perform mine. I sensed animosity building and tension rising, but overall I knew I was there as her assistant and was careful to never overstep my boundaries.Business slowed and our sales structure changed, so cuts were being made. The sales person was let go and I think she felt that one of us would be next; even though she had been there longer I know she felt threatened that I could perform her job as well as mine. She started targeting me; purposefully changing my changing after my school schedule had been approved, moving my desk unnecessarily, and creating an overall hostile work environment by addressing everyone in a room except for me. I knew what she was doing; being a part of the â€Å"inside upper management†, I had witnessed her do it to others before. Her strategy was to make employees quit in order to avoid the expense of paying unemployment wages. One week, she called me into an office to discuss my work performance and stated that she was giving me a warning. I knew that she was now trying to create a paper trail of disciplinary problems, even though nothing had changed in my performance.The following week she requested another meeting and said that she was writing me up for personal internet usage. Previously, it was acceptable for us to check our personal email, and she and I would collectively read news and gossip and exchange stories across the room. I refused to sign the disciplinary notice because I had not been informed of any policy changes, so that was then considered insubordination. I was asked to leave; I immediately went to the Department of Labor to file for unemployment due to wrongful termination.I explained to them that my termination was not legitimate. I waited for them to contact my employer and of course they provided a copy of the form that I refused to sign. The Department of Labor declined my request for unemployment compensation, so I appealed their decision and wrote a very long letter explaining everything I knew about how my supervisor â€Å"set up† previous employees to keep them from receiving unemployment. I also requested a phone interview in which both I and my supervisor would be present with a Department of Labor representative.My supervisor declined the request; I assume because she knew she was wrong and did not want to be faced with questions regarding what I wrote. Nine months later, I was contacted by the President of the company stating that they had tried to hire several people to take my place and he realized that he shoul d have never allowed her to terminate me. He offered me a large salary increase and a promise that my employment status will never be in her hands. She still works with me, and we are â€Å"friends† again, but I have definitely learned to keep office friendships to a minimum.Today we are able to laugh at the situation; deep down I think she respects me for standing up for myself and she knows that I am a great asset to the company. Termination is not something that anyone ever looks forward to, be it the employee or the employer. Unfortunately it has to be done, and employers must take steps to protect themselves from lawsuits and disgruntled employees. Employees must learn that although there may be a â€Å"relationship† with their manager, the manager must first look out for the business’s best interest and it may ot always include them as an employee.References Butler, B. (2009). Right-to-Work and At-Will Employee. Today’s Workplace: A Workplace Fairness Blog. Retrieved on December 7, 2009. Farr, . (2000,  November). Terminations Require Careful Study, Planning. Small Business, (), 15. FedEx Office: AllBusiness. (1999-2009). Decreasing the Legal Risks of Employee Termination. How to cite Ethical Issues with Termination, Papers

Video Game Addiction free essay sample

The world of video games have been around for years and are always evolving especially with the modern day technology. With the making of new systems and new games on different video game engines everyone wants the new generation of gaming. Even personal computers are one of the most used systems for gaming. Medical officials have slowly been investigating how big video games are becoming and how individuals playing these games are starting to show signs of serious addiction problems. The modern day video games can become very addicting that it can cause individuals to neglect their families, their health, and lose their jobs. In 2011 on a divorce online survey showed that 15 percent of the divorces were due to their spouses’ addiction to video games (Whatcott, 2011). The cause of divorce is the spouse whether it be male or female are not getting the attention they want from that individual. Instead the individual would rather play a virtual reality for hours until it is time to go to bed, then wake up and do it again. We will write a custom essay sample on Video Game Addiction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Video games have become more personal than they used to be back in the old Nintendo days. They have managed to make games more competitive which is a huge cause of video game addiction. Most research suggests that massively multiplayer online games like World of Warcraft and Call of Duty tend to be the two most addicting games (Conrad, 2012). The reason these two games have caused so much chaos is because of how competitive they have made it as well as the feeling of accomplishment that an individual could not get in reality. Spouses blame the makers of these two video games for wrecking their lives as well as the life of their loved ones. When individuals decide to start a game they set their mind for victory and have no idea what the outcome of their decision will bring upon them. Individuals get so caught up in trying to beat a game that is unbeatable such as World of Warcraft. Due to the mind set of these individuals they neglect their own health and burn hours of their lives away. These individuals

bally ground water essays

bally ground water essays The Bally ground water site is a municipal water supply well field in the borough of Bally in Berks county, near the Philadelphia metropolitan area. The Bally well field and the nearby springs to the northwest of the site are the public water sources for approximately 1,200 residents. The area near the site includes wetlands to the north and a manufacturing plant, Bally Engineered Structures, 1,000 feet to the south of municipal well number 3. Since the 1930s, degreasing solvents containing methylene chloride, TCA, Methanol, Toluene, and TCE have been used in manufacturing at this plant. In 1982, a state water quality check identified the plant as a source of VOC contamination in Ballys municipal wells. The ground water and surface water is contaminated with various VOC's, including tetrachlorethane, trichloroethane, and dichloroethene. Potential health risks exist through direct contact with or drinking of contaminated ground water or surface water. Currently contamination le vels in active public water supply wells do not pose any danger; however, private well contamination does pose a risk. Former lagoons lay underneath the plant and are also considered potential sources of aquifer contamination. From December 1982 to March 1987, the borough of Bally did not use the contaminated municipal well number three for water supply. The water was periodically pumped and discharged into a nearby pond to contain the contaminant plume. Pumping, however, had the effect of drawing VOCS deeper into the aquifer. The Well was completely shut down in March of 1987, due to results of additional ground water contamination studies indicated that 19 of 35 wells sampled, contained detectable levels of VOCS. Currently, VOC-contaminated ground water extends from the plant to the east and northeast. Contaminant movement has become more controlled since pumping and air stripping pilot ...

E.E. cummings essays

E.E. cummings essays E. E. Cummings, who was born in 1894 and died in 1962, wrote many poems with unconventional punctuation and capitalization, and unusual line, word, and even letter placements - namely, ideograms. Cummings' most difficult form of prose is probably the ideogram; it is extremely terse and it combines both visual and auditory elements. There may be sounds or characters on the page that cannot be verbalized or cannot convey the same message if pronounced and not read. Four of Cummings' poems - l(a, mortals), !blac, and swi( - illustrate the ideogram form quite well. Cummings utilizes unique syntax in these poems in order to convey messages visually as well as verbally. Although one may think of l(a as a poem of sadness and loneliness, Cummings probably did not intend that. This poem is about individuality - oneness (Kid 200-1). The theme of oneness can be derived from the numerous inezces and forms of the number '1' throughout the poem. First, 'l(a' contains both the number 1 and the singular indefinite article, 'a'; the second line contains the French singular definite article, 'le'; 'll' on the fifth line represents two ones; 'one' on the 7th line spells the number out; the 8th line, 'l', isolates the number; and 'iness', the last line, can mean "the state of being I" - that is, individuality - or "oneness", deriving the "one" from the lowercase roman numeral 'i' (200). Cummings could have simplified this poem drastically ("a leaf falls:/loneliness"), and still conveyed the same verbal message, but he has altered the normal syntax in order that each line should show a 'one' and highlight the theme of oneness. In fact, the whole poem is shaped like a '1' (200). The shape of the poem can also be seen as the path of a falling leaf; the poem drifts down, flipping and altering pairs of letters like a falling leaf gliding, back and forth, down to the ground...

Create a value chain for Ryanair. Examine the extent to which Ryanairs Essay

Create a value chain for Ryanair. Examine the extent to which Ryanairs value chain represents a traditional value chain, as opposed to a revised value chain, - Essay Example These core competencies help in the creation of value chain. Porter’s traditional value chain focuses on the enterprise and its internal mechanisms and is recognized as an effective management tool for value analysis. This paper will examine how this traditional value chain differs from the revised value chain created by Deise et al., and create a value chain for Ryanair based on its core competencies. According to Porter, ‘every firm is a collection of activities that are performed to design, produce, market, deliver and support its product. All these activities can be represented using a value chain’. The porter’s model of value chain (Table I) describes generic activities undertaken by the firm to procure, transform and add value to the products and services delivered to the customer. These activities can be primary or support activities where the primary activities are concerned with the transformation of the input into output as services or after sales service. Support activities include procurement, HRM, technology and infrastructure. A firm’s value chain reflects its history, strategy, the approach to implementing the strategy and the economics of the activities themselves. In this traditional value chain each activity is an independent process and each activity sequentially adds value to the final outcome. Creating a value chain is with the objective to create a process or product that will lead to profits. Thus value chain analysis studies each link of the chain to ensure that economic value is added to it. According to Porter, adding value is a strategic means to achieve profit and competitive advantage. Traditionally different business functions perceived and created value differently but with Porter’s model each activity can be analyzed individually or collectively to asses their contribution to the enterprise. An analysis helps to eliminate the inefficient processes and add value. Mascarenhas, Kesavan and

Restaurant Management Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Restaurant Management - Outline Example This outline follows the analysis, that is done before opening of any sort of business enterprise in today’s environment. Though one might surmise that a food and drink related business like a restaurant would be readily accepted by the local and visiting clientele of any area of London, tastes and traditions differ and one has to account for the different wishes and requirements of various social groups. For example, the pricing of the items must be kept such that the customers can afford a meal now and then, with continuing attractions like foreign cuisine and local celebrations being the focus of attention for the new and existing customers. The success of any business venture is based on the mix of new and old customers returning to the restaurant again and again. At the same time, cooking, presentation and quality standards must be ensured. Conducting a feasibility study for developing a new business requires analysis of present and likely future market conditions. The lo cation and look of the restaurant, proximity to public shopping areas, internal ambience and quality of meals and service were analyzed in this outline, as well as a variety of good ideas to keep the customers interested, that are mentines as key factors of success. In conclusion, the researcher excretes the main means to an end, such as local culture, traditional delicacies, kids corner, free parking and good locale and outdoor eating habits of Cheltenham residents, which he is confident will make this venture a resounding success.

Concept of Time Portrayed in Art

Concept of Time Portrayed in Art Time is a determinant concept in forms of art where motion is a key factor in order for a narrative to be explored as it occurs, such as in video art, performance, and theatre. The concept of time is also an important parameter for a two-dimensional artwork, which can comprise time through movement or as a snapshot. On the basis of the above syllogism, this essay will determine the nature of time, through the moment, as a still/snapshot in a static artwork and as a sequence in forms of art such as performance. The concept of capturing time in art comprised subjects for contemporary artists such as demonstrated by Christiane Baumgartner and Marina Abramovic, whose works will be explored through this essay: how do two antithetical mediums, namely; printmaking and performance, deal with this same theme and what are the results of the two visual languages that arise in depicting the sense of time? The antithesis of time itself is not only a parameter which is reflected in the mediums themseleves, but also in the content. In other words, the antithesis is also portrayed on a theoretical level. While Christiane Baumgartner uses the illusion of the motion continuity and thus the illusion of time by freezing it, Marina Abramovic deals with the actual and real aspect of time by extending the duration of an occurrence. Hence, there is a differentiated perspective in depicting and presenting the real time and the illusion of it, with time consisting of a weaving of reality and deception. Introduction The issue of time comprises a parameter which, beside the natural sciences was also the object of research by predominately philosophy and anthropology and thereby the extension the art itself, as art was considered to be an essential cultural characteristic. In this essay, the concept of time will be presented via the perspective of perceiving time through the antitheses outlined above. Initially, time should be divided into two categories; such as in the philosophical and sociological frameworks; namely in its real form and in its non-real form that is not quite so obvious. For instance, acquirable time the procedure of measuring time periods, is completely different from the procedure of perceiving time as a representative of or bearer of consciousness. The existence and at the same time the non-existence (lack of obviousness) of time is an object of research for the artists so as to define the sense of time passing via numerous optical dimensions. The model of perceiving time is formed every time by the aesthetic view of the artist. Philosophy and sociology in many cases are related to the artists point of view and thus an interactive relationship in shaping or reconstructing thoughts, which include the phenomenon of time is developed. The contrariety in the approach on the other hand does not create gaps between the aspects of time but they assist in developing depth and assiduous assortment in determining time. However, the contrariety approach comprises a method of analysis; thus, within such a framework regarding contrariety in the perspective of the concept of time, art presents a visual codex and visual symbols and hence the antithesis in approaching and perceiving time can be comprehended. One very good example is the concept of the time sense as it is understood by most people, specifically time or, the symbol that represents time; the clock is an invention that accommodates humans to divide or to plan their everyday lives. On the other hand, there is an application of the above syllogism which is not an invention of the human civilisation but underlies biological or natural laws which is the concept of human age that accompanies human beings during their entire lives. These two antithetical examples could be characterized as external and internal time. The first one is determined by the sound that is produced by the second-hand and the other by the heartbeat. The parameter of their antithesis, however, does not preclude their interaction, but rather it is a matter of visual perspective of their characteristics (Rudolf Arnheim, Art and visual perception: a psychology of the creative eye, University of California Press, 2004). Time has had a significant influence in the world of visual arts. Artists have depicted various symbols for time in order to express its impact as a philosophical question that is reflected in the human existence, or important events in history in order to represent the passing of time. The antithesis will be the main subject of interest in this research and stillness-movement, internal-external time, and fluidity-futility will be some of the main points for analysis. The expressions of time concepts differ from artist to artist due to the different perspective each of them uses. Salvador Dali (1904-1989), the Spanish surrealist painter of the 20th century, created in 1931 the work The persistence of memory. Time is the theme here, from the melting watches to the decay implied by the swarming ants. The title of the painting suggests memorys ability to remain intact as time decays around it. Dali painted this work with the most imperialist fury of precision and the only nod to the real are the distant landscape golden cliffs in Catalonia, where he lived. (Alkis Xaralampidis, Art in 20th century, volume II, 1993). Furthermore, Fransis Alys (born 1959), a Belgian artist who lives and works in Mexico City, in his documented video performance Paradox of praxis I (Sometimes doing something leads to nothing) deals with the concept of time in a different way from surrealism. Alys in this work expresses the futility of time and effort. The artist pushes a large block of ice through the streets of Mexico City for six or seven hours until it melts. It is a film about transformation, but it is also about the futility of human endeavor. It is an epic kind of uselessness that turns his apparently meaningless effort into an almost heroic event; nothing to something. The subtitle of the work is ultimately an idea which speaks to the frustrated efforts of everyday Mexico City residents to improve their living conditions. (Mark Godfrey and Klaus Biensenbach, Fransis Alys: A story of deception, 2010). Performance too, which is very much related to the concept of time because of its nature, has presented a number of works which deal with the sense of time. As a time-based art primarily and by extension a media-based one owns its nature The work of Christiane Baumgartner Christiane Baumgartner was born in Leipzig, Germany in 1967. Her work deals mainly with specific aspects of time concepts; speed and standstill. The images are taken from her own video stills and the chosen format is that of monumental woodcut, mainly black and white. Her aim is to combine in a way two mediums; a traditional, printmaking, with a contemporary one, video art. As the artists herself states: Its about bringing together the different mediums of the video still and the woodcut, about combining the first and the latest reproduction techniques to produce an image (Catalogue Alan Cristea gallery, London 2011). What her subjects often deal with is the movement between figuration and abstraction and the space between with speed and the passage of time recurring themes throughout her work. What she is mostly interested in is the shifting within the woodcut and the way it changes the image and becomes a blurred, non-figurative image (Catalogue Alan Cristea gallery, London 2011). For instance, in 1 Sekunde (fig. 3) the image disappears at points and becomes blurred through the representation of speed. Other digital images are taken at a very low resolution, 3 dpi, and as a result the printmaking effect creates an abstract image, as occurs in Deutscher Wald (fig. 4). Speed, both in terms of subject matter and technique is something she has always been interested in. Many of her works are images taken from highways or tunnels because their inherent movement has been something that attracts her. Through this rationale are made works such as Lisbon II (fig. 5) or Solaris I (fig. 6). Technically, the final work is the result of a procedure that takes significant time. The first step is to film the subject in which she is interested in and afterwards, she selects an image from the film which she thinks is the appropriate for cutting. The main point is to figure out which image I will end up bringing into the world. I will devote so much time to making it and give it so much significance in terms of scale, that I have to choose it very carefully. The fact that I am using a technique in which it will be reproduced more than once further influence my decision. (Catalogue Alan Cristea gallery, London 2011) Her main subject of interest is urban development and how life is affected by the environment. This material world was produced for humans, but at the same time has made life become an aspect in which a main point is speed. Cars, computers, busy highways, and people running, are the common images that exist in big cities. That is why in her work bridges, tunnels, and roads appear so frequently. In a world which is governed by speed, Baumgartner tries to slow down the way information is processed, to better reflect the way people live nowadays. There is so much movement in our physical lives than 20 years ago. But also the time of information and communication has speed up in an extreme way. Because we are expecting such quick responses to our communications we miss the time for the thinking process and also to really prioritize. (philagrafika, blog, http://philagrafika.blogspot.com/2009/05/interview-christiane-baumgartner.html) By choosing woodcut as a medium of expression, she asserts that is it her way of representing the contemporary situation. Her prints, which take a long time to make, effectively slow down time by extending the moment of the constitution of the image from a brief second, which in this case is the video still, to entire months, until the final work is ready. Baumgartner has created a visual language which needs to be viewed from a certain distance from the work so the image can be revealed. This language is consisted of horizontal lines which cut the subject in pieces so as to produce the illusion of movement and speed. When the viewer stands close to the work what he or she observes is actually thick and thin linear forms that reflect the virtuosity of the printmaker at a technical level. However, when the viewer keeps a distance from the artwork, then the entire theme is revealed. Specifically, the motifs assist the observer to comprehend the utility of the medium in relation to the forms in presenting the illusion of movement and thus, time itself. The visual language that is used makes the work of Christiane Baumgartner representative of the contemporary point of view in depicting motion and time. This is a very common perspective not only in fine art but also in contemporary media and video art. The work of the artist is the result of the contemporary perspective in depicting issues and concepts of time, through a more simplified aesthetic. The simplicity in using the medium and by extension, the thematic development in a composition also reflects the will of the artist to establish a relationship between the steady artwork and the viewer. In other words, she is trying to make the visual ability of the viewer actively participate mentally in the world she reconstructs. Hence, the concept of time is a parameter that connects the artist and artwork with the visual and mental ability of the observer. This is a conceptual tool in order for the artwork to communicate the illusion of motion portrayed to real time. This kind of reality is a vital factor for human beings because it produces subconscious images and memories. Due to the fact that Christiane Baumgartners works deal with the conceptual aspect of time in unreal time, she contributes to perceiving this issue from a point of view that functions as an antithesis. In a two-dimensional space she creates the illusion of a three-dimensional theme and in the end she also adds a fourth dimension (time), so as to reveal both the theoretical background of the concept and the sociological extension of it as it is formed in the contemporary life. The social character of Christiane Baumgartners artwork reflects in a way the contemporary model of life. Although the real time remains the same, the contemporary life in the modern societies goes faster. The human itself has created the speed in order to compress life inside the urban environment. Time compresses a contemporary citizen like motion in art is displayed through compression of lines. If a viewer observes the rush hour in a city then he or she will realise how in a mental form, motion is similar or equal to time. Namely, a passing person is a parabolic symbol of passing time. This is why the immediacy of the medium is related to the complexity passing time. The steadiness or the immobility that the medium itself includes is altered by the motion that is depicted. In the same logic, the steadiness or the immobility of environment is altered by human motion itself. All these examples reflect the antithetical nature in perceiving time. In one print of Christiane Baumgartne r a close observation will be a starting point to perceive moving time in a still depiction while she underlines the fact that she uses a slow medium like woodcut to express a fast idea. The work of Marina Abramovic Performance art contrasts to the above perspective regarding time via a static or still medium. Performance is a branch of artistic expression whose basic elements that create its nature are time and space, the presence of which along with the active involvement of the artist and essentially, the audiences presence or interaction is vital. Performance as a visual art incorporates the characteristic of time as a dynamic aspect of its nature. Thus, the medium itself includes the reality of the duration of time as an important parameter which is used extensively by the performance artists. It is like a tool for the performer in depicting the issue or the concept of his interest by using his or her presence. Marina Abramovic, born in 1946 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, has been a representative artist since the 1970s, the starting point for her career in performing arts. Her work of this type of expression indicates her perspectives of many aspects of her personal experiences but mainly her intellectual enquiries. In many of her performances there are references to the concept of time regardless of the fact that time itself is included in the medium. For instance, in the Relation in movement (1977) Abramovic and Ulay moved in a circle direction repeatedly by driving around a square in Paris for hours. They kept driving until it got dark. The only existing lights were those of the car. There was continuity and duration to this action until the next morning. The couple had different tasks to accomplish; Ulay followed the back wheel and Abramovic loudly stated the number of the accomplished rounds. Additionally, the next morning revealed the black marks that the wheels had created in the ground a nd they tried to follow those marks. Another significant point which is not a usual one was the lack of audience. Only passers-by witnessed the event. The main idea of the performance was to present the repeated movement in physical and mental level. Namely, they presented in a symbolic way the minds circles around an idea or thought. The concept of time enters this performance as an idea that is divided into two subcategories: the obvious time that comprises the duration of the night that the performance took place, and the time which was emphasised every time Abramovic shouted the number of laps completed. In the first case, the artists dealt with time as a frame to present their performance which was main aspect of the length of the performance. In the second case, time took the form of the space and the movement together. In other words the artists defined on the basis of both space and movement the nature of time. Each lap comprised the value of time according to their perspective. The symbolism is still the same, but the gravity of the importance in perceiving time is not solid and this was determined by the artists. Marina A bramovic and Ulay on the basis of relation in movement developed another performance of relevance to the present research, entitled Relation in Time (1977). In Relation in time a static situation is described. The couple Abramovic and Ulay are sitting facing back to each other with their hair tied together as a symbol of their connection. The duration of their performance lasted 16 hours in a gallery without any audience and only during the 17th and hour were the audience allowed to watch the performance. The couple was still sitting motionless for this final hour. During all this time there were only few changes in their presence. According to Lilian Haberer their shared plait, their external connection, their umbilical cord, works loose as the hours pass. She continues in the same sense to explain that there is a contrast to the outward connectedness in their inward separateness, their different feelings (Lilian Haberer, Collection: Museum Ludwig, Cologne, Germany). Abramovic and Ulays approach is revealing because of the fact that time takes the form of destruction, ruination, spoilage and damage. As an example of this destructive operation of time, the couple presents the human relationship which is the main subject of their performance. The direct reference to the ugly face of time in the human life represents the inner fear of all human beings. This type of continuity causes the objects and the living creatures to age and become old. The relationships and the parameters that enrich them are also under the fear of spoilage. The old man as a symbol of the age of time has now given its place to the more conceptual ones. Like Abramovic and Ulay present, time is not an annoying feeling. The impact of time in living creatures as a natural procedure leads them to fall despite its ugliness. It is as natural as death itself in a symbolic or literal way. In the case of Abramovic, time no longer leads down a threatening path of aging, death and ending: it is reproducible (Klaus Biesenbach, Marina Abramovic: The artist is present) This approach concerning time also involves sociological and philosophical understandings. If we consider the philosophical nature of time as a route to death or a procedure that leads human beings to physical and mental decay, then it is a rational conclusion that it also affects human social unity. With sociological determination, this model of understanding time has a significant behavioral impact. This syllogism transforms the concept of time from an ordinary system of measuring into a system of interpreting life. The performance reveals these parameters and gives multiple dimensions in interpreting the inner intellectual process of social life as a diachronic phenomenon. The perspective that is created makes the viewer redefine his or her position in the society. Admittedly, this rationale is a main idea in many performances produced by Abramovic and the personal experiences make the philosophical inquires more obvious via art. In her latest performance at MoMA The artist is Present Abramovic performed the longest work in her performing career. She sat motionless for more than 700 hours in total, seven hours every day the museum was open, for more than 3 months. In this performance she was sitting silent and motionless at a table in the museums atrium inviting visitors to sit silently across from her for how long they chose to, making the performance interactive and becoming in this way participants in the artwork. She will not talk or respond to any of the participants, but their involvement in the process is essential and fundamental element for the work to be completed. The artist is present is one of her most representative time based works as it deals with the long duration and the passing time remaining motionless and speechless. Most of her works contain a kind of mystic energy from which she derives great power in order to concentrate and remain motionless. In Nightsea Crossing she describes staring into Ulays eyes and from a certain moment on seeing only a blue, blind, empty screen in front of her, like the length of her arm, to achieve an empty timeless stare. (Klaus Biesenbach, Marina Abramovic: The artist is present) The artist is present features, according to Biesenbach, as many of her works do, in the endless act of sitting, which is a central aspect to her art. Biesenbach continues: in contemporary times sitting has taken the form of political protest (Klaus Biesenbach, Marina Abramovic: The artist is present). Durational sitting is the principal of The artist is Present which finds Abramovic sitting at a table and waiting for the visitors to get involved in the occurrence. The table here has a symbolic and a parabolic meaning. It functions as a stage and at the same time refers to another motif in her work, which considers images from the ritual daily familial gathering during mealtimes and the routine of a motionless life as time passes and its marks become obvious. The main idea in this last performance is the impact of time in the contemporary life. How much time one disposes in order to participate in the artwork is a personal decision and it depends on the way people nowadays divide time. In a world that is governed by speed, every moment is important. Hence, how willing is each of us to let time pass by is a matter that Abramovics performance deals with. Abramovic says you have to give me your time in order to see the workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Klaus Biesenbach, Marina Abramovic: The artist is present) and this is true in any aspect of contemporary life; we have to give time in order to do anything. Biesenbach underlines that while there is no empirical duration established for MoMAs visitors, the moment one sits in the chair, he or she participates in an unspoken agreement with the artist to enter into another perspective (Klaus Biesenbach, Marina Abramovic: The artist is present)

Bruce Dawe Homecoming Essay

Bruce Dawe is a famous and iconic Australian poet; his poems feature his numerous personal experiences and opinions about the futility and brutality of war. Bruce Dawe oft questions the need and validity of war; he talks about the dehumanization and utter brutality the young Australian men face. The poem â€Å"Homecoming† raises the public issue of military dehumanization and the futility of the men who enlist. This poem provokes us as individuals, and as a society to question why. In Bruce Dawe’s â€Å"Homecoming†, he explores personal and public issue of lack of identity and the indiscriminate slaughter of young men in the Vietnam War. Dawe refers to green bodies in â€Å"green plastic bags†, shows the lack of identity and invokes emotions from the reader. The dead soldiers are also being categorized as â€Å"curly heads, kinky-hairs, crew-cuts and balding non-coms†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this categorization further reinforces the idea of dehumanization and lack of identity. This certain technique gives us a detailed insight into the personal and public issues that families and the public would have faced. Another technique used in â€Å"Homecoming† that helps us gain an insight into the personal and public experiences is the use of irony. The title homecoming usually implies a heroic or celebratory return with family and friends. It also invokes a sense of anticipation for the return of a particular individual, however the title is ironic as the â€Å"Homecoming†, is related to the mourning and death of a nameless soldier. Another affective us of irony would be the repetition of the suffix -ing; â€Å"picking†, â€Å"zipping†, â€Å"tagging†, â€Å"giving† and â€Å"bringing†. These words are the actions of the processors; they usually imply life and strength but are used ironically as the processors handle the cold, limp and lifeless bodies. This also gives us an interesting insight into the personal problems families and friends would have to endure. Bruce Dawe explores different personal and public issues within his poems. In â€Å"Homecoming†, he talks about the futility and lack of identity these young  soldiers face. He explores these different personal and public issues through a use of effective techniques such as irony, repetition, imagery, metaphors and rhythm. All of these techniques give us a compelling insight into the personal experiences and public issues of the Vietnam war.

Assess the Importance of Developments in Military Technology as a Factor in the Changing Nature of Military Strategy in the Period C1850 â€C1985.

Assess the importance of developments in military technology as a factor in the changing nature of military strategy in the period c1850 –c1985. The development of military technology can undoubtedly alter the way in which a war or battle is fought. Major military innovations have allowed for strategies to be adapted and refined. For example the invention of tanks allowed for strategic usage of movement to end the stalemate of World War One. The advances in technology have reformed the way in which a war is fought in the air as well as on the ground and sea. If one side was in control of more advanced technology, it could be said they had a greater advantage over the enemy, with increased military capability. However the relationship between the technology and the strategy behind its deployment is essential. For the technology to achieve its goal, the planning, conduct and organisation must be beneficial. Technology however is not entirely responsible for the changes in military strategy, Leadership and tactics also play a part, but which is ultimately the most accountable? The key technology that fundamentally affected the battles of the Crimean war was the invention of an effective rifle. Neil Stewart states that â€Å"The greatest change in land warfare was the substantial increase in the range, accuracy and firepower of the percussion cap rifles and the rifled artillery. † This resulted in the attacking force standing little chance of succeeding and enabled the British to fight from greater distances with a higher chance of hitting the enemy. The infantrymen no longer had to load one bullet at a time, as a magazine could now take up to nine bullets in their magazine. This meant loading time was reduced and the British were more likely to cause greater damage to the enemy over a shorter period. Furthermore Massie announces â€Å"The introduction of the Minie rifle and then the Enfield, revolutionised the battlefield. The ordinary infantry soldier now possessed a weapon long-ranged and accurate enough to enable him to operate it independently. † This shows that now lines of infantry were now not needed and concentrated fire was not used. From the Crimean war, it is clear one strategy should never have been used. The charge of the light brigade saw a cavalry charge against infantry and artillery. A report by Lieutenant-General Liprandi states â€Å"The English cavalry appeared, more than 2,000 strong†¦The enemy made a most obstinate charge†¦notwithstanding the well-directed fire from six guns of the light battery No. 7, and that of the men armed with carbines†¦In this attack the enemy had more than 400 men killed and sixty wounded, who were picked up on the field of battle, and we made twenty-two prisoners. † Thus by the First World War, the cavalry were no longer used to attack against enemies laden with artillery. The dominance of the machine gun in the First World War led to great strategic changes. Whereas a rifle could fire around fifteen rounds a minute, a machine gun could fire six hundred. The stalemate of the War meant that the guns could be set up in permanent positions resulting in the war becoming a defensive one. Stewart states â€Å"Unprotected troops could not expose themselves to this deadly onslaught of fire for long†¦and this meant digging into the ground. † This explains how trenches became a popular method of escaping machine gun fire. Trenches were not only a defensive method, but were ideal for launching an attack from within. The machine gun meant that military strategy was now in fact to keep killing until there was nothing left of the enemy, otherwise known as a war of attrition. The Battle of the Somme was designed to simply mow down as many of the German enemy as possible and try to break their morale. However this tactic proved to unsuccessful by Corporal W. Shaw. Shaw states â€Å"Our artillery had been bombing their line for six days and nights†¦the result was we never got anywhere near the Germans†¦they were just simply slaughtered. The stalemate of trench warfare leant itself for the reintroduction of mobile tactics. Stewart explains â€Å"By 1918 the British troops had moved away from the long linear advance; their attacking force was now built around a heavily armed, mobile, semi-independent platoon of 40 men. † It could be said that long range tactics were now used, making the attac ks depersonalised. The introduction of tanks meant that a preliminary barrage was no longer needed and attacks often now had the element of surprise. Their main tactic was to clear the trenches of the enemy and make a clear pathway for the infantry to follow behind. A report by the war office in 1918 states, â€Å"At the end of the campaigning season of 1917 we tried the experiment at Cambrai of using tanks in large number to take the place of artillery bombardment. † The use of tanks meant that there was a saving to be made in infantry, compared to that required to follow up an artillery bombardment. To finally break the Hindenburg line, the coordination of sophisticated artillery cover along with tanks, aeroplanes and armoured cars was used as the military strategy and according to Stewart â€Å"The battle tactics of the Second World War had emerged at the very end of the First World War. The tactics and strategies used in the Second World War were often based upon those used in the First World War. Many of the weapons used were simply the same but improved versions of those used before, thus you would think the same military strategy would be used. However the main military strategy of World War Two was to use the coordination of all available weapons and forces to strike the enemy at its weakest point instead of over a long front. The British and French went into the war believing it was going to be a defensive one; however the Germans were planning on it being an offensive one and to win it quickly. According to Foley â€Å"The Allied armies, completely unprepared for the rapid, mobile operations of the Germans, had simply been out-fought at every turn. † Stewart backs this up with his quote â€Å"A large part of the effectiveness of blitzkrieg was the panic and confusion produced by this unimagined mobility and advance. Opponents became quickly demoralized and surrendered rapidly. † It can be said that this strategy was only effective with the use of advanced technology. Stewart states â€Å"A number of strategists†¦had advanced the theories of rapid mobile attack based upon concentrations of tanks. Putting this military strategy into practice resulted in the success of blitzkrieg. For example the French and British may have a higher number of tanks than Germany; however they chose not to concentrate them into large masses. Therefore it was not am advance in technology that forced the military plan to change, it was in fact then way in which the leaders chos e to deploy it. Stewart also states â€Å"The intensification of the bombing offensive in 1943, however, had only limited results and incurred disastrous losses. This produced a change of strategy by the allies. This explains that perhaps Germany had superior technology in the air and therefore the Allies formed a military strategy which consisted of the total destruction of the German air force to achieve air supremacy. The commander in chief of the American air forces issued the instruction to â€Å"Destroy the enemy air force wherever you find them in the air, on the ground and in the factories. † This shows how the Allies military plan was adapted to fully concentrate on the effectiveness of how to attack Germany’s air force. Leadership could also be considered a factor as to why military strategy changes. For example Haig has often been criticised for the tactics he used in the First World War. Laffin says â€Å"A great commander knows exactly what he’s sending his men into but Haig didn’t. The principle which guided him was that if he could kill more Germans than the Germans could kill his men, then he would inevitably win. Now that is an appalling kind of strategy. It’s not a strategy at all, it’s just slaughter. † Therefore it could be said that others would have chose a different strategy to Haig and not risked thousands of lives, meaning different leaders would address situations differently. However on the other side many have argued that in fact Haig’s tactics did finally work in 1918 when he had more tanks and artillery to support him, perhaps making technology responsible. Furthermore Clarke tells of a conversation apparently held between Hoffman and Ludendorff. â€Å"Ludendorff: ‘The English soldiers fight like lions’ Hoffman: ‘True. But don’t we know that they are lions led by donkeys. ’ This shows perhaps if the leaders had provided a better military strategy, the brave soldiers could have been ‘lions’ which accomplished greater achievements. Moreover Spilsbury states â€Å"Raglan†¦arrived at the top of this elevation Raglan was now in one of the most extraordinary positions ever taken up by a commander on the battlefield†¦Calthorpe reported ‘Lord Raglan at once saw the immense importance of getting guns up here, where they could enfilade all the Russian guns†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This shows Raglan to be an intelligent leader who could formulate and execute military strategy well and therefore having considerable influence in the way in which the battle was fought. Logistics should also be considered. Johnson states â€Å"The logistical difficulties of the war prompted army reform in Great Britain. † Speaking of the Crimean War, this quote shows that military strategy had to be adapted to fit around these problems. He then goes on to say â€Å"The first, and most important was the rationalisation of the chain of command for organisation in the field. † This shows how rationalising as a strategy was bought in due to complications with logistics. Moreover Overy states â€Å"Yet an operation designed to move 4000 ships, 2 million men and 12000 aircraft to France, from a base only a few minutes flying time from German airfields, appeared an impossible secret to keep for six long months. † This is regarding the d-day landing of World War Two. A large amount of men and supplies had to be landed without being seen by the Germans, which would mean an excellent military strategy would be needed. The moving of these men and supplies resulted in a strategy being produced like no other. Overall the tactics in Second World War had changed dramatically from the First World War. The technology was present in the First World War however its full potential had not been realised until later. From that it could be concluded that it was in fact factors other than technology that changed the nature of military strategy, such as leadership for example. If the leaders in the Second World War had not realised the mistakes made in tactics of the First World War, then perhaps they would not have been successful with their military planning. However as technology progressed, its users were capable of achieving success in many different ways. In the Crimean War, due to the innovation of a successful rifle, strategy changed from fighting together to being able to fight independently. Tanks and armoured cars brought back mobility and therefore strategies changed to overcome the stalemate of trench warfare in World War One. A good leader could be assessed by the way in which he managed to supply his troops, in other words logistics. So therefore logistics itself may have limited effect on military strategy as it is in fact the way in which a leader uses logistics to their advantage which is responsible for the change. To conclude, technology is forever changing and will carry on doing so long into the future. As it does so, the strategy behind the way it is deployed will have to change with it if it is to be a success. However whether or not a leader produces a high-quality military plan that supports the deployment of this new technology will also play a role in the development of military strategy.